The Turkish Constitution of 1924 had 105 articles and was divided into six sections:
Section I - Fundamental Provisions, Articles 1-8: Section I describes the basic structural concepts of the newly established Turkish government. These provisions included establishment of arepublic which placeslegislative andexecutive power in the hands of theGrand National Assembly of Türkiye who are given the authority to elect thePresident of Türkiye.Judicial power is extended to independent courts that are sanctioned by the National Assembly in accordance to their established laws. The provisions also declare thenational capital ofAngora, the religion of state isIslam, andTurkish as the officialnational language.[1]
Section II - The Legislative Power, Articles 9-30: Section II establishes theelectoral laws of the new government, the legislative capabilities of theNational Assembly, and the procedure for the election of thePresident of Turkey. The right to vote is given toTurkishcitizens who are 18 years of age or older, and those age 30 and older may run for official positions in government if they meet the requirements of office.[2]Elections for members of the National Assembly take place every four years and those elected maintain their position until their term ends and they are not reelected or areimpeached by a vote among the Assembly.[3] The National Assembly is given sole legislative power as well as control over thenational budget and the creation ofinternational treaties.[4]
Section III - The Executive Power, Articles 31-52: Section III establishes theelectoral procedure for the office of thePresident of Turkey and the limits of the powers of the executive. The president is elected every four years following the election of the National Assembly, is elected by the members of the new National Assembly, and takes power immediately following his election.[5] This section also gives the president power to approve and veto legislation drafted by the National Assembly, appoint his owncabinet ministers, and grants the president authority over themilitary aschief of the armed forces.[6]
Section IV - The Judicial Power, Articles 53-67: Section IV elaborates upon the fundamental structure of thejudiciary under the new republic by establishing the duties of officially appointedjudges and the creation of a 21 memberHigh Court. This High Court consists of 11 members of the Court of Appeals and 10 members of the Council of State who are elected to the High Court by their own membership. The decisions of the High Court are final and cannot be subject to confirmation or veto by the other branches of power.[7]
Section V - Public Law of the Turks, Articles 68-88: Section V defines the general rights and freedoms afforded to theTurkish people under the new government. These rights includefree speech,freedom of assembly,freedom of movement, andfreedom of religion.[8] This section also specifically defines the term"Turk" in a legal manner and also establishes the basic foundations of thetax codes to be used under the new republic.[9]
Section VI - Miscellaneous Provisions, Government Officials and Employees, Finance, and Amendments to the Constitution, Articles 89-105: The final section of the Constitution of 1924 includes provisions that define the territories that make up the newTurkish state, define eligibility for candidates for positions in government jobs, establish the procedure for creation of anational budget, and establish the procedure in whichamendments to theconstitution may be presented to the National Assembly.[10]
The Constitution of 1924 was in application for 36 years from 1924 until 1961. During this time, it served as the basis for many fundamental changes that sought to transformTurkey into a modern, secular and democratic Republic.
The ratification of the Constitution on April 20, 1924.
The list of150 personae non gratae of Turkey, ratified on April 23, 1924 (revised June 1, 1924), declared about 150 persons, who were holding high positions within the imperial government or were fierce supporters of the Ottoman Sultan, unwanted in the new Republic.
The first change occurred on April 10, 1928, which changed,inter alia, Article 2 and the provision of "Religion of the Turkish state is Islam" was removed.[11] Further changes followed on 10 and December 11, 1931 and 1934 respectively. As a result, women were given theright to vote and stand for election. In 1937, the constitution was changed twice. Law No. 3115 of February 5, 1937 enshrined the six basic principles ofKemalism in the Constitution.
On January 10, 1945, the constitution was revised with Law No. 4695 in the sense ofTurkification of the language and translated into modernTurkish. However, this recast was reversed by Law No. 5997 of December 24, 1952 (published on December 31, 1952 inResmî Gazete No. 8297), which restored the constitution to its constitution before 1945.
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