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Aturbah (Arabic:تربة,lit. 'soil'), ormohr (Persian:مهر,lit. 'seal'), also known askhāk-e shefā (Persian:خاکِ شِفا,lit. 'medicinal soil', also used inUrdu) andsejde gāh (Persian:سجدہ گاہ,lit. 'place of prostration', also used in Urdu), is a small piece of soil or clay, often a clay tablet, used duringsalat (Arabic:صلاة,lit. 'Islamic daily prayers') to symbolizeearth.[1] The use of aturbah isrecommended (Arabic:مُسْتَحَبّ,romanized: mustahabb,lit. 'beloved') according to theTwelver Shiaschool ofIslam, a unique practice of the sect, and manyahadith mention the benefits of prostration (Arabic:سجدة,romanized: sajdah) upon soil or an alternative natural material. The most recommended soil is that ofKarbala, the site of the martyrdom ofHusayn ibn 'Ali; however, soil from anywhere may be used. In the absence of soil, plants or items made from these may be substituted. This provision has been extended to include paper.[2]
Following instruction from theQur’an, theShiaImamJa'far al-Sadiq stated that "prostration must be performed on pure earth or what grows on it, provided that it is not eaten or worn." (like leaves, wood, stone/marble so on). For example, prostration on paper is permissible because it is made of natural elements grown on earth.[3]
According toAbu Sa`id al-Khudri: “I sawAllah’s Apostle prostrating in mud and water and saw the mark of mud on his forehead.”[4] ThoughMuhammad prayed on the ground, thehadithSahih al-Bukhari states that Allah’s Apostle also used to pray onKhumra (Arabic:خمرة), a kind of very small mat made of palm tree leaves, instead of carpet or cloth.[5]
The idea of "absolute consideration" states that some kinds of soil, and thus some kinds of places, are better than others for prayer. For example, places, buildings, and structures related to Allah and Muhammad are held in the highest regard when it comes to places in which to hold prayer.[6]
Karbala is especially important to Shi’a Muslims because the martyrdom ofHusayn ibn Ali is considered one of the major dividing lines between Muslims of the time. Husayn is important because of his relationship with Muhammad, and so the dust from Karbala is considered sacred.
To bring this revered material to others worldwide, Shi’a Muslims have made small tablets calledmohr orturbah from the earth of Karbala. However, since it is an issue of honor and respect, Muslims are allowed to prostrate on other earthen materials.[7]
Turbah (Arabic:تربة) has a primary meaning of 'dirt', 'earth' or 'soil', identified as the material Allah used tocreate the earth and humankind.Turbah also denotes any ground on which one prostrates oneself for prayer. Clean dirt or dust can be a substitute for someone who is performingablutions in the absence of clean water, a practice known astayammum.
Turbah is also found in the context of funerals because of death's association with dust, as a dead body returns to earth.Turba (ortürbe in Turkish) is an Islamic funerary building in a variety of contexts.[8]
ManySunnis reject the use ofturbah asbid’ah (Arabic:بدعة,lit. 'innovation'), noting that according to them, neither Muhammad nor his companions ever carried a clay tablet or similar item on which to place their foreheads while in prostration. They also note that manyturab (Arabic:ترب,lit. 'pl. of turbah') used by Shi’a have inscribed invocations to their revered figures, such as'Ya Hussein' (Arabic:يا حسين,lit. 'O Hussein'), or'YaZahra' (Arabic:يا زهرة,lit. 'O Zahra') which may be seen by them as the sin ofShirk (Arabic:شرك,lit. 'polytheism'). InMajmoo' al-Fatawa (Arabic:مجموع الفتاوى,lit. 'compilation offatwas'),Ibn Taymiyyah, issued a fatwa that prayer on aturbah from the site ofImam Husayn's martyrdom (Karbala) is an innovation.[9]
As a result, theturbah is highly stigmatized or even banned in mostMuslim majority countries outside predominantly Shiite Iran and Iraq.
.... And it was asked from him about the prostration on a Turbah Al-Husseinya in the mosque and prayer (performing of Salat) on it: Is it an act of Innovation (Bid'ah) or not? So he replied positively: 'Praise be to the Lord of the Worlds, as for the Salat on the Turbah Al-Husseinya on which the Salat performer prays, that is not from the Sunnah of theSalaf ofMuhajirun orAnsar and nor from the Sunnah ofTabieen after them; on whom is the blessing/favor of Allah on the promise of the Prophet Muhammad. But in fact all of these people prayed in the mosque on normal soil. Not even one of them ever took a Turbah Al-Husseinya to pray on for their Salat.'
