| Tupian | |
|---|---|
| Geographic distribution | Brazil,Bolivia,Paraguay,Uruguay, North-eastArgentina, SouthernColombia, NorthernPeru |
| Linguistic classification | Je-Tupi-Carib?
|
| Proto-language | Proto-Tupian |
| Subdivisions | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-2 /5 | tup |
| Glottolog | tupi1275 |
 Tupi–Guarani (medium pink), other Tupian (violet), and probable rangec. 1500 (pink-grey) | |
TheTupi orTupian language family comprises some 70 languages spoken inSouth America, of which the best known areTupi proper andGuarani.
Rodrigues (2007) considers the Proto-Tupianurheimat to be somewhere between theGuaporé andAripuanã rivers, in theMadeira River basin.[1] Much of this area corresponds to the modern-day state ofRondônia, Brazil. Five of the ten Tupian branches are found in this area, as well as someTupi–Guarani languages (especiallyKawahíb), making it the probableurheimat of these languages and maybe of its speaking peoples. Rodrigues believes theProto-Tupian language dates back to around 3,000 BC.
Tupian languages have extensively influenced many language families in South America. Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with theArawa,Bora-Muinane,Guato,Irantxe,Jivaro,Karib,Kayuvava,Mura-Matanawi,Taruma,Trumai,Yanomami,Harakmbet,Katukina-Katawixi,Arawak,Bororo,Karaja,Macro-Mataguayo-Guaykuru,Takana,Nadahup, andPuinave-Kak language families due to contact.[2]
When thePortuguese arrived inBrazil, they found that wherever they went along the vast coast of South America, most of the indigenous peoples spoke similar languages.Jesuit missionaries took advantage of these similarities, systematizingcommon standards then namedlínguas gerais ("general languages"), which were spoken in that region until the 19th century. The best known and most widely spoken of these languages wasOld Tupi, a modern descendant of which is still used today byindigenous peoples around theRio Negro region, where it is known asNheengatu ([ɲɛʔẽŋaˈtu]), or the "good language". However, the Tupi family also comprises other languages.
In the neighbouring Spanish colonies,Guarani, another Tupian language closely related to Old Tupi, had a similar history, but managed to resist the spread ofSpanish more successfully than Tupi resistedPortuguese. Today, Guarani has seven million speakers, and is one of the official languages ofParaguay. The Tupian family also includes several other languages with fewer speakers. These share irregular morphology with theJe andCarib families, and Rodrigues connects them all as aJe–Tupi–Carib family.[3]
Rodrigues & Cabral (2012) list ten branches of Tupian, which cluster into Western Tupian and Eastern Tupian.[1] Within Western and Eastern Tupian, the most divergent branches are listed first, followed by the core branches.
Meira and Drude (2015) posit a branch uniting Mawé and Aweti with Tupi-Guarani, also known asMaweti-Guarani.[4]Purubora may form a branch together withRamarama.
Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016):[2]
(† = extinct)
Galucio et al. (2015) give the followingphylogenetic tree of Tupian, based on acomputational phylogenetic analysis.[5]
Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.[6]
| Language | Branch | head | ear | tooth | hand | one | two | three | woman | water | fire | stone | maize | tapir |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tupi | Tupi | a-kang | nambi | táña | pó | peteĩ | mokoĩ | mbohapüi | kuñá | ü | tatá | itá | abai | tapüíra |
| Tupinamba | Tupi | a-kán | nambü | ráña | pó | angepé | mokoin | musaput | kuñá | ü | tatá | itá | auvati | tapirusu |
| Potiguára | Tupi | a-kanga | nambi | tañha | in-bó | oyepe | mokoy | mosapür | kuña | üü | tataː | itaː | ||
| Ñeéngatu | Tupi | a-kanga | namü | taña | pó | yepé | mokoin | musapeire | kuñan | üüg | tatá | itá | auati | tapira |
| Guaraní | Guaraní | ãkan | nambi | apen-kun | pó | peteí | mokói | mbhápira | kuñá | ü | tatá | itá | avatí | tapií |
| Apapokúva | Guaraní | pó | aépi | mokõi | moapi | kuña | ü | tatá | ||||||
| Chiripá | Guaraní | rakã | nambi | aépi | ü | tata | avati | mborevi | ||||||
| Cainguá | Guaraní | aká | nambi | kú | pó | petein | mókoin | mbohapi | koñá | ü | tatá | itá | avachi | mborevi |
| Mbyhá | Guaraní | che-ahká | chen-nambüh | che-rain | cheh-pó | peteí | mokoi | mboapü | kuña | ü | tatá | itá | avachi | tapií |
| Canoeiros | Guaraní | eaushmã | de-pó | uainvi | üg | itá | avashi | |||||||
| Shetá | Guaranized | sh-aka | che-nambi | tienai | che-pó | matinkam | mokoi | ñiiru | kuñá | ü | tată | itá | avachi | tapi |
| "S. Dourados" | Guaranized | ñ-ãka | elaːme | nénai | eː-po | uaːi | moːgai | mágatei | koːña | hoːñe | agel'á | iːtá | nutya | telaːgoi |
| Guayaquí | Guaranized | ni-aka | nambi | ã | i-pá | eteyã | meno | tanã | kuña | ü | dadá | itá | waté | mberevi |
| Tapirapé | Tapirapé | dzyane-akánga | dzyane-inamí | dzyane-roi | dzyane-pó | anchepé | mukúi | mãpít | kudzá | ü | tatá | itá | awachí | tapiíra |
| Kamayurá | Kamayurá | ye-akang | ye-nami | ye-nai | ye-po | yepete | mokoi | moapit | kuña | ü | tata | ita | avatsi | tapiít |
| Awití | Kamayurá | apot | inte-yambe | inte-ngu | i-po | mayepete | monkói | munitaruka | kuñá | ü | tara | ita | avachi | tapií |
| Arawiné | Kamayurá | ne-nami | ye-po | |||||||||||
| Anambé | Pará | a-kánga | hä-nambi | se-raña | pó | yanäpo | mukuẽ | muhapi | kuña | ü | tata | ita | awat | tapiri |
| Takuñapé | Pará | kuñá | tatá | ika | tapií | |||||||||
| Guajajára | Northern | akã | sane-inamú | e-rai | sane-pó | metéi | mukúi | nairúi | kuñã | ü | tatá | itá | awachí | tapiíra |
| Tembé | Northern | he-akã | he-nami | he-rái | he-pó | petei | mokui | moãpi | kuzá | ü | tatá | itá | awachi | tapihir |
| Manajé | Northern | he-akü | he-namí | he-rĩ | he-pó | chipei | mokú | moapi | kuyi | ü | tatá | itá | awachí | tapihi |
| Turiwára | Northern | ne-akánga | ne-nami | ne-ráĩ | ne-pó | petei | mokoi | moapiri | kuñá | üa | tatá | itá | awachi | tapiíra |
| Kaapor | Northern | ne-kang | nambi | ne-roi | n-pó | petei | mukoin | oapíre | kuza | üg | tata | itá | tapira | |
| Makirí | Central I | ai-akáng | ái-namí | ái-ráing | ái-pó | aipité | mokoíng | moapét | kuñá | ih | tatá | avatí | tapiít | |
| Kayabí | Central I | parmió | oyepa | mokoi | kuñá | auü | tatá | uachi | ||||||
| Kawahyb | Central I | ae-akáng | ae-namí | ae-rái | ae-po | oyepé | mokõi | irumaé | kuñá | ü | tatá | abachi | tapiít | |
| Parintintin | Central II | ae-akáng | ae-nambí | ae-rai | ae-po | eyepé | mokoĩ | kuñá | iü | tatá | itakí | avaté | tapiíd | |
| Wiraféd | Central II | ai-akán | ai-namí | ai-rai | aí-po | ayipe | mokoi | kuñá | üü | tatá | itá | abasí | tapiít | |
| Takwatíp | Central II | ai-kánga | ai-nami | ai-rain | ai-pó | ayepeːi | mokoːin | kuñá | üa | tatá | abatí | tapi | ||
| Dawahib | Central II | ay-akan | ay-nambí | ay-rãi | ay-põãpká | kunya | üü | tatá | itá | tapiíra | ||||
| Catuquinarú | Central II | taka-sú | saña | punü | uhehü | |||||||||
| Oyampi | Guiana | ea-kang | i-nami | e-ráñ | né-po | pesi | mukugue | mapur | nimene | heː | tata | ita | abati | tapiira |
| Emerillon | Guiana | é-ankang | é-námi | é-rai | é-po | mozepé | mokoñe | maʔapuit | waimid | ih | tata | auasi | ||
| Apiaká | Guiana | ai-kana | ai-nembía | ai-raña | ai-poa | mayupé | mokõñ | boapui | koñá | ih | tatar | ita | auasi | tapüra |
| Omagua | Amazonas | yakó | námi | sáy | póa | wépi | mokwéshe | mosapröke | uainú | úni | táta | itáke | awáti | tapíra |
| Cocama | Amazonas | yakö | námi | dzái | púwa | wípi | mokoíka | motsapwöka | wáina | úni | táta | itáki | abati | tapíra |
| Cocamilla | Amazonas | yákö | námi | tsái | púa | uípi | mokuíka | motsapölika | wáina | úni | dzata | idzáki | awáchi | tapíra |
| Chiriguano | Chiriguano | ankã | námbi | hai | de-pó | penti | mbokui | mbapui | kúña | ü | tatá | itá | avatí | mboreví |
| Guarayo | Chiriguano | che-ãka | che-nambí | che-raí | che-pó | nyepeĩ | nyuenió | mosapĩ | kuñá | ü | tatá | itá | avatí | mborevi |
| Pauserna | Chiriguano | aká | nambi | rahü | póo | monopedo | mokóe | hebü | ekúre | ü | tatá | itá | ahuati | |
| Tapieté | Chiriguano | y-anka | ya-nimbi | ya-ninay | ya-ndepo | penté | monké | maʔap | tapipé | ö | tata | itakí | oati | orebi |
| Chané | Chiriguano | se-ãká | se-ndambí | se-rãi | se-pó | mompetí | mokoi | mboapi | arekóva | ü | tatá | íta | avatí | boreví |
| Siriono | Chiriguano | e-ãnkĩ | e-isa | e-rẽy | e-o | ekomiĩ | nedemu | dedemu | kuña | ine | tatén | ita | ibashi | eãnkwãntoy |
| Joka | Chiriguano | ãcha | ká | déchatu | etú | in | tatá | yiwit | yuáshi | ngitíd | ||||
| Yuruna | Yuruna | se-tabá | yashiugá | se-yan | uvá | duáyo | nauá | nauámbo | kuñá | iyá | ashí | koapá | makatí | tõá |
| Shipaya | Yuruna | tabá | enshugá | oayá | uvuá | memé | bidá | mévau | uamiá | iyá | ashí | kuapasá | makati | masaká |
| Manitsauá | Yuruna | naibuá | huangá | kuñá | hidarú | hadzú | ita | maidzú | ||||||
| Mundurucú | Mundurucú | waá | wa-naibé | woi-noi | wo-ipo | pantá | shepsheptá | chebapitá | awiyá | hü | tasha | witáa | muirará | piho |
| Curuaya | Mundurucú | uása | uampí | ñai | bi | dá | porákã | teboazem | áu | ü | titi | wítaʔa | mára | bíu |
| Mawé | Mawé | u-yakída | u-yahapé | u-háĩ | u-ipó | endup | tépui | muén | oñañá | üü | äria | no | awatí | wewató |
| Itogapúc | Itogapúc | n-aká | n-akiribe | yãi | parobé | mutírem | yagarekóm | pairóbtem | mapái | ichi | chaná | iyá | nayá | iti |
| Ramarama | Itogapúc | n-akiribé | niãng | i-pabé | mapoia | utii | tianá | iá | nanian | nató | ||||
| Urumí | Itogapúc | in-aká | in-akurape | i-pabe | uenakaveu | ishirange | itamaiun | shamon | noiábá | |||||
| Urukú | Itogapúc | óña-áká | on-aküravé | i-pábe | motírem | yegárokum | pagodnóbtem | vochái | ichí | chaná | yáa | náya | natoː | |
| Arara | Itogapúc | motürem | yegárkom | koirẽm | ||||||||||
| Arikém | Arikém | a | risába | ñãya | pu | mundápa | patám | moyúm | uspára | esé | somi | isoá | ngiyó | iruba |
| Caritiana | Arikém | risopo | noñno | bisam | seː | isoː | pomo | irípo | ||||||
| Macuráp | Macuráp | wakaräte | ua-pishevéta | u-ñamñem | owõte | uéreːket | nemtuté | arapíñam | ihi | ucha | éki | atiti | yahi | |
| Kanua | Macuráp | ki-aneːm | uwa-pitát | ki-nyai | o-po | kitsä | türü | kwaikärum | anamína | äkü | itaːtʔ | heːk | atsitsi | kwayatsu |
| Guratégaja | Macuráp | ki-anäm | kí-apitát | ki-nyai | ki-puaná | kitsä | teːre | kwaikiä | anamina | iki | utaːt | äk | ||
| Kabishiana | Macuráp | niaín | o-popí | ikí | ||||||||||
| Wayoro | Macuráp | yá | ne-vapáp | o-nyain | o-pitab | kiét | derät | wärehät | aramirá | ögö | agukáp | äk | atití | ikuáit |
| Apichum | Macuráp | o-pitab | o-nyon | o-nebo | anamina | ügükap | äkügükab | äk | ||||||
| Tupari | Macuráp | ápaba | ábtsi | ñain | poː | kíäm | hürü | hürünoːm | ãramĩrã | yü | koːbkaːb | äk | opab | takara |
| Kepkeriwát | Kepkeriwát | u-akãin | u-apiá | i-ñãin | ba | pangue | xatéte | sete-pangue | buhi | amãni | garämbi | ok | zyaoːpá | uíto |
| Mondé | Mondé | a-ndará | u-nanimbé | u-im | amba-bé | amakim | parasherám | paiwutwuy | manzet | ü | kaing | ek | maikeː | uasá |
| Sanamaica | Mondé | hũ-ndáa | nambiap | h'-ĩn | hũ-mábé | mún | palisharú | waikun | chipakchí | ü | kaːi | ä | maʔä | waːsaː |
| Aruá | Mondé | pan-at | pan-itiwä | pan-yĩn | pan-awä | miːn | busá | wauːm | ü | kaʔin | äk | |||
| Digüt | Mondé | pan-dát | ním-piab | nĩ | babé | manzéyã | ipáva | pokáing | dzáb | máinkin | wachá | |||
| Aruáshi | Mondé | sham-yaküb | shon-yain | bu | mansät | ü | kain | äk |
