| Tuparí | |
|---|---|
| Geographic distribution | Brazil |
| Linguistic classification | Tupian
|
| Subdivisions |
|
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | tupa1251 |
TheTuparí languages ofBrazil form a branch of theTupian language family.
The Tupari languages are:[1][2]
None are spoken by more than a few hundred people.
A more recent internal classification by Nikulin & Andrade (2020) is given below:[3]
Below is a list of Tupari language varieties listed byLoukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties.[4]
| Proto-Tupari | |
|---|---|
| Reconstruction of | Tupari languages |
Reconstructed ancestor | |
Proto-Tuparí reconstructions by Moore and Vilacy Galucio (1994):[5]
| gloss | Proto-Tuparí |
|---|---|
| ‘sweet potato’ | *gwagwo |
| ‘tapir’ | *ɨkwaay |
| ‘macaw’ | *pet+'a |
| ‘one’ | *kiẽt |
| ‘small’ | *Dĩĩt |
| ‘fish’ | *pot |
| ‘fowl’ | *õkɨra |
| ‘seed’ | *kit |
| ‘neck’ | *gwotkɨp |
| ‘heart’ | *ãnõã |
| ‘to know’ | *toã |
| ‘to give’ | *ñũã |
| ‘to speak’ | *mãYã |
| ‘sun, year’ | *ŋgiahkop |
| ‘stone’ | *ŋwa+'i |
| ‘earth’ | *kɨy |
| ‘fire; firewood’ | *agopkap |
| ‘mountain’ | *(n)dzo |
| ‘person’ | *aotse |
| ‘mother’ | *ñä |
| ‘husband’ | *mẽt |
| ‘hammock’ | *ẽ/*ĩnĩ |
| ‘seat’ | *ãβõ-pe |
| ‘seat’ | *ñãp-pe |
| ‘hair’ | *Dap |
| ‘tooth’ | *ñããy |
| ‘hand’ | *mbo |
| ‘nail’ | *mbo-ape |
| ‘skin’ | *pe |
| ‘liver’ | *pia |
| ‘foot’ | *mbi |
| ‘breast’ | *ŋẽp |
| ‘blood (n)’ | *a |
| ‘blood (n)’ | *eYɨ |
| ‘tobacco’ | *pitoa |
| ‘maize’ | *atsitsi |
| ‘axe’ | *gwi |
| ‘knife’ | *ŋgɨtpe |
| ‘timbo’ | *ŋĩk |
| ‘mortar’ | *ẽndzɨ |
| ‘salt’ | *ŋgɨɨt |
| ‘meat’ | *ñẽt+'ã |
| ‘water (n)’ | *ɨgɨ |
| ‘basin’ | *βãẽkɨt |
| ‘dust’ | *ñõ'õ |
| ‘path’ | *pee |
| ‘night’ | *ŋĩndak |
| ‘leaf’ | *Dep/*deep |
| ‘Brazil nut tree’ | *kãnã |
| ‘Brazil nut tree’ | *arao |
| ‘assai (palm)’ | *gwit+'i |
| ‘banana’ | *ehpiip |
| ‘cotton’ | *ororo |
| ‘genipap’ | *tsigaap |
| ‘peanut’ | *araɨgwi |
| ‘pepper’ | *kõỹ |
| ‘armadillo’ | *ndayto |
| ‘tail’ | *okway |
| ‘snake’ | *Dat/*daat |
| ‘lizard’ | *Dako |
| ‘turtle’ | *mbok+'a |
| ‘caiman’ | *gwaYto |
| ‘crab’ | *kera |
| ‘achiote’ | *ŋgop |
| ‘horn’ | *apikɨp |
| ‘paca’ | *gwãnãmbiro |
| ‘deer’ | *ɨtsɨɨ |
| ‘dog’ | *ãŋwẽko |
| ‘ocelot’ | *ãŋwẽko Dĩĩt |
| ‘agouti’ | *ŋwãkɨ̃ỹã |
| ‘bat’ | *ŋwari+'a |
| ‘coati’ | *pi'it |
| ‘capuchin monkey’ | *sahkɨrap |
| ‘spider monkey’ | *ãrĩmẽ |
| ‘honey marten’ (kinkajou?) | *ãmãnã |
| ‘peccary’ | *Daotse |
| ‘collared peccary’ | *Daotsey |
| ‘louse’ | *ãŋgɨp |
| ‘flea’ | *ñõk |
| ‘wasp’ | *ŋgap |
| ‘termite’ | *ŋgub+i |
| ‘big ant’ | *Dat+'a |
| ‘cockroach’ | *a |
| ‘cockroach’ | *eβape |
| ‘cicada’ | *ŋõtŋõna |
| ‘scorpion’ | *kɨtnĩŋã |
| ‘snail’ | *ɨ̃ỹã |
| ‘piranha’ | *ipñãỹ |
| ‘surubim’ | *ãnõrẽ |
| ‘mandi’ | *mõkoa |
| ‘toucan’ | *yo |
| ‘toucan’ | *ñõkãt |
| ‘duck’ | *ɨpek |
| ‘vulture’ | *ɨβe |
| ‘vulture’ | *ako |
| ‘hawk’ | *kẽỹ+'ã |
| ‘hummingbird’ | *mĩnĩt |
| ‘owl’ | *popoβa |
| ‘partridge’ | *kwãŋwã |
| ‘basket, big’ | *ãŋgerek |
| ‘canoe’ | *kɨp-pe |
| ‘clothing’ | *pe |
| ‘to drink’ | *ka |
| ‘to take’ | *ara |
| ‘to blow’ | *ɨβa |
| ‘to vomit’ | *ẽkẽt |
| ‘to push’ | *mõrã |
| ‘to swim’ | *tĩptĩpnã |
| ‘to see’ | *to'a |
| ‘to see’ | *-tso- |
| ‘hot’ | *ahkop |
| ‘good’ | *poat |
| ‘new’ | *pahgop |
| ‘old’ | *poot |
| ‘name’ | *Det |
| ‘sour’ | *kãỹ |
| ‘other’ | *nõõ |
| ‘smooth’ | *atsik |
| ‘rotten’ | *ãnde |
| ‘rotten’ | *ãkwĩ |
| ‘straight’ | *kɨɨt |
| ‘distant’ | *gwetsok |
| ‘2nd person’ | *ẽt |
In all Tuparian languages, the main clauses follow the cross-linguistically rarenominative–absolutive pattern. Person prefixes on the verb areabsolutive, i.e., they index the soleargument of anintransitive verb (S) and thepatient argument ('direct object') of a transitive verb (P). Person pronouns, which follow the verb (either cliticizing to it or not) arenominative: they may encode the soleargument of anintransitive verb (S) or theagent argument of atransitive verb (A), but not the patient of a transitive verb (P). The example below is fromWayoró.[6]: 99
V:verb
Eamõjãn (en).
/e-amõc-a-t (ẽt)/
s-V (S)
‘You danced.’
Etopkwap nã on.
/e-top-kʷ-a-p nã õt/
p-V {} A
‘I’ll see you every day.’
