| Tuoba | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Traditional Chinese | 拓跋,拓拔,托跋,托拔,㩉拔 | ||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 拓跋 | ||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
TheTuoba (Chinese) orTabgatch (Old Turkic:𐱃𐰉𐰍𐰲,Tabγač), also known byother names, was an influentialXianbei clan in earlyimperial China. During theSixteen Kingdoms after thefall of Han and theThree Kingdoms, the Tuoba established and ruled theDai state innorthern China. The dynasty ruled from 310 to 376 and then was restored in 386. The same year, the dynasty was renamed Wei, later distinguished inChinese historiography as theNorthern Wei. This powerful state gained control of most of northern China, supportingBuddhism while increasinglysinicizing. As part of this process, in 496, theEmperor Xiaowen changed the imperial clan's surname from Tuoba toYuan (元). The empire split intoEastern Wei andWestern Wei in 535, with the Western Wei's rulers briefly resuming use of the Tuoba name in 554.
A branch of theTanguts also bore a surname transcribed as Tuoba before their chieftains were given the Chinese surnamesLi (李) andZhao (趙) by theTang andSongdynasties respectively. Some of these Tangut Tuobas later adopted the surname Weiming (嵬名), with this branch eventually establishing and ruling theWestern Xia in northwestern China from 1038 to 1227.
By the 8th century,[1] theOld Turkic form of the name wasTabγač (𐱃𐰉𐰍𐰲), usually anglicized as Tabgatch[2][3][4] or Tabgach.[5] The name appears in other Central Asian accounts asTabghāj andTaugash[6] and inByzantineGreek sources likeTheophylact Simocatta'sHistory asTaugas (Ancient Greek:Ταυγάς) andTaugast (Ταυγάστ).[7] Zhang Xushan and others have argued for the name's ultimate derivation from a transcription into Turkic languages of the Chinese name "GreatHan"[8](大漢,s大汉,Dà Hàn,MC *Dàj Xàn).
Tuoba is theatonalpinyinromanization of theMandarinpronunciation of theChinese拓跋 (Tuòbá), whose pronunciation at the time of itstranscription intoMiddle Chinese has been reconstructed as *tʰak-bɛt[citation needed] or *Thak-bat.[9] The same name also appears with the firstcharacter transcribed as托 or㩉[10] and with the second character transcribed as拔;[citation needed] it has also been anglicized asT'o-pa[5] and asToba.[2][3] The name is also attested asTufa (禿髮,Tūfà orTūfǎ),[11] whose Middle Chinese pronunciation has been reconstructed as *tʰuwk-pjot,[citation needed] *T'ak-bwat, or *T'ak-buat.[12] The name is also sometimes clarified as theTuoba Xianbei (拓跋鮮卑,Tuòbá Xiānbēi).[3][4]
According toHyacinth (Bichurin), an early 19th-century scholar, the Tuoba and theirRouran enemies descended from common ancestors.[13] TheWeishu stated that the Rourans were ofDonghu origins[14][15] and the Tuoba originated from the Xianbei,[16][17] who were also Donghu's descendants.[18][19] The Donghu ancestors of Tuoba and Rouran were most likelyproto-Mongols.[20] Nomadic confederations ofInner Asia were often linguistically diverse, and Tuoba Wei comprised the para-Mongolic Tuoba as well as assimilatedTurkic peoples such asHegu (紇骨) and Yizhan (乙旃); consequently, about one quarter of the Tuoba tribal confederation was composed ofDingling elements as Tuoba migrated from northeastern Mongolia to northern China.[21]
Alexander Vovin (2007) identifies the Tuoba language as aMongolic language.[22][23] On the other hand,Juha Janhunen proposed that the Tuoba might have spoken anOghur Turkic language.[24]René Grousset, writing in the early 20th century, identifies the Tuoba as aTurkic tribe.[25] According toPeter Boodberg, a 20th-century scholar, the Tuoba language was essentially Turkic with Mongolic admixture.[26] Chen Sanping observed that the Tuoba language contains both elements.[27][28] Liu Xueyao stated that the Tuoba may have had their own language which should not be assumed to be identical with any other known languages.[29] Andrew Shimunek (2017) classifies Tuoba (Tabghach) as a "Serbi" (i.e.,para-Mongolic) language. Shimunek's Serbi branch also consists of theTuyuhun andKhitan languages.[30]
The Tuoba were a Xianbei clan.[2][3] The distribution of the Xianbei people ranged from present dayNortheast China toMongolia, and the Tuoba were one of the largest clans among the western Xianbei, ranging from present dayShanxi province and westward and northwestward. They established the state ofDai from 310 to 376 AD[31] and ruled as theNorthern Wei from 386 to 536. The Tuoba states of Dai and Northern Wei also claimed to possess thequality of earth in the ChineseWu Xing theory. All the chieftains of the Tuoba were revered as emperors in theBook of Wei and theHistory of the Northern Dynasties. A branch of the Tuoba in the west known as the Tufa also ruled theSouthern Liang dynasty from 397 to 414 AD during theSixteen Kingdoms period.
TheNorthern Wei started to arrange for Chinese elites to marry daughters of theXianbei Tuoba royal family in the 480s.[32] More than fifty percent of Tuoba Xianbei princesses of the Northern Wei were married to southern Chinese men from the imperial families and aristocrats from southern China of theSouthern dynasties who defected and moved north to join the Northern Wei.[33] Some Chinese exiled royalty fled from southern China and defected to the Xianbei. Several daughters of the Xianbei TuobaEmperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei were married to Chinese elites: the Han ChineseLiu Song royalLiu Hui marriedPrincess Lanling of the Northern Wei;[34][35][36][37][34][38][39]Princess Huayang [zh] marriedSima Fei [zh], a descendant ofJin dynasty (266–420) royalty;Princess Jinan [zh] marriedLu Daoqian [zh]; andPrincess Nanyang [zh] marriedXiao Baoyin (萧宝夤), a member ofSouthern Qi royalty.[40]Emperor Xiaozhuang of Northern Wei's sister the Shouyang Princess was wedded toEmperor Wu ofLiang's sonXiao Zong [zh].[41] One ofEmperor Xiaowu of Northern Wei's sisters was married to Zhang Huan, a Han Chinese, according to theBook of Zhou (Zhoushu). His name is given as Zhang Xin in theBook of Northern Qi (Bei Qishu) andHistory of the Northern Dynasties (Beishi) which mention his marriage to a Xianbei princess of Wei. His personal name was changed due to anaming taboo on the emperor's name. He was the son of Zhang Qiong.[42]
When theEastern Jin dynasty ended, Northern Wei received the Han Chinese Jin princeSima Chuzhi [zh] as a refugee. A Northern Wei Princess married Sima Chuzhi, giving birth toSima Jinlong (司馬金龍).Northern Liang Xiongnu KingJuqu Mujian's daughter marriedSima Jinlong.[43]
According to Zhou (2006) the haplogroup frequencies of the Tuoba Xianbei were 43.75%haplogroup D, 31.25%haplogroup C, 12.5%haplogroup B, 6.25%haplogroup A and 6.25% "other."[44]
Zhou (2014) obtainedmitochondrial DNA analysis from 17 Tuoba Xianbei, which indicated that these specimens were, similarly, completely East Asian in their maternal origins, belonging to haplogroups D, C, B, A andhaplogroup G.[45]
| Posthumous name | Full name | Period of reign | Other |
|---|---|---|---|
| 神元 Shényuán | 拓拔力微Tuòbá Lìwéi | 219–277 | Temple name: 始祖 Shízǔ |
| 章 Zhāng | 拓拔悉鹿Tuòbá Xīlù | 277–286 | |
| 平 Píng | 拓拔綽Tuòbá Chuò | 286–293 | |
| 思 Sī | 拓拔弗Tuòbá Fú | 293–294 | |
| 昭 Zhāo | 拓拔祿官Tuòbá Lùguān | 294–307 | |
| 桓 Huán | 拓拔猗㐌Tuòbá Yītuō | 295–305 | |
| 穆 Mù | 拓拔猗盧Tuòbá Yīlú | 295–316 | |
| None | 拓拔普根Tuòbá Pǔgēn | 316 | |
| None | 拓拔 Tuòbá[46] | 316 | |
| 平文 Píngwén | 拓跋鬱律Tuòbá Yùlǜ | 316–321 | |
| 惠 Huì | 拓拔賀傉Tuòbá Hèrǔ | 321–325 | |
| 煬 Yáng | 拓拔紇那Tuòbá Hénǎ | 325–329 and 335–337 | |
| 烈 Liè | 拓拔翳槐Tuòbá Yìhuaí | 329–335 and 337–338 | |
| 昭成 Zhaōchéng | 拓拔什翼健Tuòbá Shíyìqiàn | 338–376 | Regnal name: 建國 Jiànguó |
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As a consequence of the Northern Wei's extensive contacts with Central Asia, Turkic sources identified Tabgach, also transcribed as Tawjach, Tawġač, Tamghaj, Tamghach, Tafgaj, and Tabghaj, as the ruler or country of China until the 13th century.[47]
TheOrkhon inscriptions in theOrkhon Valley in modern-dayMongolia from the 8th century identify Tabgach as China.[47]
I myself, wiseTonyukuk, lived in Tabgach country. (As the whole) Turkic people was under Tabgach subjection.[48]
In the 11th century text, theDīwān Lughāt al-Turk ("Compendium of the languages of the Turks"), Turkic scholarMahmud al-Kashgari, writing in Baghdad for an Arabic audience, describes Tawjach as one of the three components comprising China.
Ṣīn [i.e., China] is originally three fold: Upper, in the east which is called Tawjāch; middle which is Khitāy, lower which is Barkhān in the vicinity of Kashgar. But now Tawjāch is known as Maṣīn and Khitai as Ṣīn.[47]
At the time of his writing, China's northern fringe was ruled by Khitan-ledLiao dynasty while the remainder ofChina proper was ruled by theNorthern Song dynasty. Arab sources used Sīn (Persian: Chīn) to refer to northern China and Māsīn (Persian: Machīn) to represent southern China.[47] In his account, al-Kashgari refers to his homeland, around Kashgar, then part of theKara-Khanid Khanate, as Lower China.[47]The rulers of the Karakanids adoptedTamghaj Khan (Turkic: the Khan of China) in their title, and minted coins bearing this title.[49] Much of the realm of the Karakhanids includingTransoxania and the westernTarim Basin had been under the rule of theTang dynasty prior to theBattle of Talas in 751, and the Karakhanids continued to identify with China, several centuries later.[49]
TheTabgatch name for the political entity has also been translated into Chinese asTaohuashi (Chinese:桃花石;pinyin:táohuā shí).[50] This name has been used in China in recent years to promote ethnic unity.[51][52]
㩉拔氏:(...) 鲜卑氏族之一。即"托跋氏"
蠕蠕，東胡之苗裔也，姓郁久閭氏[Rúrú, offspring of Dōnghú, surnamed Yùjiŭlǘ]
鮮卑者，亦東胡之支也，別依鮮卑山，故因號焉[The Xianbei who were a branch of the Donghu, relied upon the Xianbei Mountains. Therefore, they were called the Xianbei.]
Xiao Baoyin.
... Southern Song.105 We read the story of a certain Zhang Huan 張歡 in the Zhoushu, who married a sister of Emperor Xiaowu 宣武帝 of the Northern Wei (r.
sima.
分立如南北朝，都自诩中华正统；对峙如宋辽夏金，都被称为"桃花石"；统一如秦汉、隋唐、元明清，更是"六合同风，九州共贯"。
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