| Tunstall | |
|---|---|
| Federated Town andDistrict | |
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  Tunstall Location withinStaffordshire | |
| Population | 6,559 (2021 Census)[1] |
| OS grid reference | SJ864516 |
| Unitary authority | |
| Ceremonial county | |
| Region | |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Districts of the town | |
| Post town | Stoke-on-Trent |
| Postcode district | ST6 |
| Dialling code | 01782 |
| Police | Staffordshire |
| Fire | Staffordshire |
| Ambulance | West Midlands |
| UK Parliament | |
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Tunstall is one of the six towns that, along withBurslem,Longton,Fenton,Hanley andStoke-upon-Trent, amalgamated to form the City ofStoke-on-Trent inStaffordshire, England. It was one of the original six towns thatfederated to form the city. Tunstall is the most northern, and fourth largest town ofthe Potteries. It is situated in the very northwest of the city borough, with its north and west boundaries being the city limit. It stands on a ridge of land betweenFowlea Brook to the west and Scotia Brook to the east, surrounded by old tile-making and brick-making sites, some of which date back to the Middle Ages.
There is no independent record of Tunstall in theDomesday Book; it is believed to have formed part of the lands of Richard the forester, centred on Thursfield.[2] However, Tunstall Manor quickly became powerful. Between 1212 and 1273, Tunstall, Bemersley,Burslem, Chatterley,Chell, Oldcott, and Thursfield, Whitfield and Bemersley are mentioned as distinct manors orvills; all butChell had merged within the manor of Tunstall by the end of the 13th century. From the 16th century, Tunstall Manor covered an area which extended to theCheshire border and included the following additional townships: Chell, Ravenscliffe, Sneyd, Brieryhurst, Stadmorslow and Wedgwood.[3] Records mention that iron and coal were being mined and processed in the town as far back as 1282.[4]
The appointment of a market-reeve by the manor court in 1525 is the earliest indication of a market in Tunstall manor. In 1816, a market square of nearly an acre (now Tower Square) was laid out on land called Stony Croft which was leased from the lord of the manor, and small-scale markets began to be held.
Tunstall remained alinear village until the industrial revolution. Tunstall's main make-up is now of rows of Victorian terraced houses, which were built during the pottery boom to house workers. There are a number of new estates that have been built in the area. Park Terrace consists of elegant Victorian and Edwardian townhouses and is a designated conservation area, as is the housing around Victoria Park.[5]
The town was grantedurban district status in 1894 and quickly set about expanding itself, acquiring amongst others Pitts Hill fromChell civil parish in 1899.[6] On 1 April 1910, the UDC dissolved itself and the town wasfederated into the county borough of Stoke-on-Trent. By 1925 the borough was grantedcity status. Tunstall has however, remained distinct and retained its ownshopping and business district, adding toStoke-on-Trent'spolycentric nature.
On 27 November 1916, GermanZeppelinLZ 61 (L21) bombed Tunstall during its return leg to Germany, dropping three bombs. However, it was shot down the following day before it could reach the coast atLowestoft.[7][8]
The village of Tunstall was described in 1795 as "the pleasantest village in the pottery".[9]
"Tunstall, including its environs, is the pleasantest village in the pottery. It stands on high ground and commands pleasing prospects. The manufactories in it are respectable and do considerable business. There are a number of brick and tile works here; the clay being of a superior kind for such articles; so that with good management the tiles made from it look as well as moderate slate. The Methodists have a large neat Chapel in this place. which is well attended. They have lately established a Sunday School, supported by voluntary contributions, and the teachers give their labours gratis."
— J. Allbut,The Staffordshire Potteries (1802)
"TUNSTALL is a considerable village within the township of Tunstall Court, a liberty in the parish of Woolstanton, four miles from Newcastle, pleasantly situated on an eminence, deriving its name from the Saxon word, tun or ton, a town, and stall, an elevated place, seat or station." "In this township abounds coal, ironstone, marl and fine cannel coal; and the manufactories of earthenware are very extensive here."
— 1828 journal
"Tunstall.— town with ry. sta., Wolstanton par., Staffordshire, on the Grand Trunk Canal, 2½ miles NE. and within the parliamentary limits of Newcastle under Lyme, 690 ac., pop. 14,244; P.O., T.O., 3 Banks. Tunstall shares in the industries of the Potteries. It has rapidly risen from a village to a considerable town, with a fine town hall in the centre of a spacious market-place."
— John Bartholomew,Gazetteer of the British Isles (1887)
There is evidence of small-scale pottery manufacturing in Tunstall from the 14th century.[10] However, Tunstall was one of the last of towns inthe Potteries to begin large scale pottery manufacturing, with the main focus being on farming, and to a lesser extent, coal & iron mining and mills. Thus Tunstall was not affected by the1842 Pottery Riots. However, Tunstall still has a rich industrial heritage. At the start of the 19th century there were 3 pottery works in the town, by the close of the century that number had risen to 13. Famous potters located in the town have been the Adams dynasty of potters founded byWilliam Adams, as well as Alfred Meakin, Booths founded by Enoch Booth andEnoch Wedgwood, andW H Grindley founded in 1880 by William Harry Grindley. Robert Beswick, father ofBeswick Pottery founder James Wright Beswick, began making pottery in Tunstall.Jabez Vodrey is a noted emigrant potter, the first English potter west of theAppalachian Mountains.Clarice Cliff (20 January 1899 – 23 October 1972) was an English ceramic industrial artist active from 1922 to 1963.Charles Shaw was a 19th-century potter whose in-depth autobiography has given some of the clearest insights into the VictorianPotteries, and providedArnold Bennett with inspiration for his Clayhanger novels.[11] Tunstall became widely known for its tiles, regarded to be as good as slate. Decorative ceramic tiles are still made in Tunstall by H and R Johnson-Richards Tiles.
Tunstall's industries were served by theTrent and Mersey Canal, constructed over 11 years from 1766. The canal was designed byJames Brindley, a resident ofTurnhurst Hall in nearbyChell. Just north of Tunstall lies one of Brindley's greatest achievements, theHarecastle Tunnel, which takes the Trent and Mersey Canal underneath Goldenhill. Barges were 'legged' through by men lying on their backs on top of the barges and pushing against the roof with their feet. This was physically demanding and slow, causing major delays, so in 1827 leading civil engineer Thomas Telford was commissioned to provide a second, and wider, parallel tunnel with a towpath. Today the Harecastle Tunnels are the fourth longest canal tunnels in the UK.
Tunstall was served bya railway station, which was opened by theNorth Staffordshire Railway on 1 December 1873. This closed under theBeeching Axe in 1965 with the removal of thePotteries Loop Line.[12] Today Tunstall lies roughly equidistant betweenLongport andKidsgrove railway stations on theStafford toManchester Line, a branch of theWest Coast Main Line (Network Rail Route 18). There are also direct services toCrewe andDerby. It is also well served by buses provided by: Baker Coaches, Clowes Coaches, D&G Coaches,Wardle Transport andFirst Potteries, connecting Tunstall to all surrounding settlements.
TheA50 is the main arterial route through Tunstall, running fromWarrington toLeicester viaStoke andDerby. Tunstall is linked to theA500 "D-road", which passes just west of the town, by the newA527 linkway the town connecting Tunstall and the rest of Stoke-on-Trent to theM6 motorway. Slightly further east theA34 runs north–south, towardsManchester andNewcastle-under-Lyme respectively.
Climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round. TheKöppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Cfb". (Marine West Coast Climate).[13]
| Climate data for Tunstall, Staffordshire | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 5 (41) | 5 (41) | 8 (46) | 11 (51) | 15 (59) | 18 (64) | 20 (68) | 20 (68) | 17 (62) | 14 (57) | 9 (48) | 7 (44) | 12 (53) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 0 (32) | 1 (33) | 2 (35) | 4 (39) | 7 (44) | 10 (50) | 11 (51) | 12 (53) | 10 (50) | 7 (44) | 4 (39) | 2 (35) | 5 (41) |
| Averageprecipitation cm (inches) | 5.1 (2) | 3.6 (1.4) | 4.1 (1.6) | 3.3 (1.3) | 3.6 (1.4) | 4.6 (1.8) | 4.8 (1.9) | 6.6 (2.6) | 4.8 (1.9) | 5.6 (2.2) | 6.1 (2.4) | 5.8 (2.3) | 58 (22.7) |
| Source: Weatherbase[13] | |||||||||||||
The outskirts of Tunstall became home to a new public art statue calledGolden in 2015. The 69 ft (21 m) steel work of art by Wolfgang Buttress was privately funded with £180,000Section 106 monies secured during the construction of the Blue Planet eco-warehouse.[14]
The Phoenix Trust, an independent not-for-profit foundation, is campaigning to turn Tunstall and the widerNorth Staffordshire Coalfield into aWorld Heritage Site due to its historic economic significance, leading role in the industrial revolution and status as the birthplace ofPrimitive Methodism.[15]
Tunstall has had a rise in well-known shops in recent years, notably with the construction of Alexandra Retail Park.[16] These developments have, however, been felt to be to the detriment of Tunstall's traditional town centre shops and market. The town's shops got together in 2003–4 to buy a good amount of Christmas décor and now it is traditional to go and watch Tunstall lights have their grand switch on.
A recognisable Tunstall, renamedTurnhill, features in the novels ofArnold Bennett.[17]
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There are a number ofGrade II listed buildings in Tunstall, notably: Tunstall Market Hall,Tunstall Town Hall,Christ Church,Church of the Sacred Heart, the world's firstPrimitive Methodist chapel, the clock tower in Tower Square, Tunstall library and public baths, Victoria Park and structures, and the lodge andcanal portals atHarecastle Tunnel.[18] There are also three conservation areas: Tower Square, Park Terrace and Victoria Park & surrounding housing.[19]
By the closing years of the 19th century, most urban areas in the UK were suffering from pollution and poor health. To this end Tunstall Urban district began a series of improvements works shortly after its foundation, including the Victoria Public Baths- which opened in 1897. In this year, work commenced onVictoria Park, also known as Tunstall Park. The park was devised by the council's architect Absalom Reade Wood (1851–1922). By 1914 the park had largely taken its present form, covering 21 acres. It is nowGrade II listed.[20] Tunstall Victoria Park Trust, a registered charity, was founded in 2009 to engage the public and help decide how the money donated by the Reginald Johnson Foundation for improving the park should be used.[21]
TheGolden Torch, on Hose Street, was a famousNorthern Soul club, founded by Christopher Burton, a contemporary of Ivor Abadi (founder of theTwisted Wheel club), andRuss Winstanley of the famousWigan Casino. It opened on 30 January 1965 with the headline act ofBilly J. Kramer andthe Dakotas. Initially amod club, it did not begin regular soul nights until 1969. It played host to DJs such asPeter Stringfellow. Following the closure ofManchester'sTwisted Wheel soul club, in 1971 The Torch began putting on its own Soul All-Nighters. However, it became a victim of its own success, with regular police presences, drug taking and overcrowding. When the club came to renew its licence on 16 March 1973Stoke-on-Trent council refused the renewal, without a licence the club simply fizzled out, paving the way for theWigan Casino.[22]
The Tunstall Wakes were held on the first Sunday after the feast of St. Margaret (20 July), the saint to whom Wolstanton church is dedicated. The wakes were abolished in 1879, but soon revived by popular demand.[23]
Tunstall was home to the independentFrink School of Figurative Sculpture, which occupied a fine old factory (and former Old Court) in Roundwell Street for a number of years until about 2004. TheFrink School was named after British sculptorElisabeth Frink and was a small intimate academy with a specific discipline of study closer in spirit to amaster and apprentice structure than an educational institution. This has since moved to nearbyLeek.[24]
Today, the area is served by manyprimary schools, andsecondary schools includeCo-op Academy Stoke-on-Trent,Ormiston Horizon Academy andSt Margaret Ward Catholic Academy.
Dransfield created Jasper Square which is occupied by stores including Poundland, Argos and Matalan.[25] The company later began construction on a project called Alexandra Park adjacent to the previous project. The park contains a Primary Care Centre, Boots, Carphone Warehouse and DW Health and Fitness Club. The final phase of development was completed in February 2014 and added Home Bargains, Iceland and Card Factory.[25][26] The park contains "The Shard", a stainless steel sculpture celebrating the area's historic pottery industry. It was created byRobert Erskine.[25] In 2014, long-term plans for another retail park and Morrisons supermarket were cancelled.[27]
The landmark HSBC bank on the high street was bought over by digital marketing agency Netinspire and insolvency practitioner Dunion & Co. The 1920s period property was fully refurbished, while retaining the building's original exterior, to house Netinspire and Dunion & Co's modern offices.[28][29] In 2020, the building was purchased by Gateway Psychology, a private psychological service for children, young people and families. Gateway Psychology are based on The Boulevard pedestrian walkway, adjacent to the old bank. The psychology service has undertaken an extensive renovation project, reusing and renovating as many original features as possible (like the original parquet blocks discovered under the carpeting). The old bank is currently used as office and therapy space for staff and clients, with a doorway to connect the bank to the therapeutic facility next door.
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