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 1612 map byIsaac Massa showingTingoesen landt (land of the Tungus, i.e.Evenks) | |
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| Approx. 11 million | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
 China | 10,646,954 |
 Russia | 78,051 |
 Taiwan | 12,000 |
 Japan | 1,020 |
 Ukraine | 610 |
 Mongolia | 537 |
 United States | 200 |
| Languages | |
| Tungusic languages,Russian (inRussia),Mandarin Chinese (inChina),Mongolian (inMongolia) | |
| Religion | |
| Various religions (includingShamanism andBuddhism) | |
Tungusic peoples are anethnolinguistic group formed by the speakers ofTungusic languages (or Manchu–Tungus languages). They arenative to Siberia,Mongolia andChina.
The Tungusic language family is divided into two main branches, Northern (Ewenic–Udegheic) and Southern Tungusic (Jurchenic–Nanaic).
The nameTungusic is artificial, and properly refers just to the linguistic family (Tungusic languages). It is derived from RussianTungus (Тунгус), aRussianexonym for theEvenks (Ewenki). English usage ofTungusic was introduced byFriedrich Max Müller in the 1850s, based on earlier use of GermanTungusik byHeinrich Julius Klaproth. The alternative termManchu–Tungus is also in use (Тунгусо-маньчжурские 'Tunguso-Manchurian').
It is generally suggested that the homeland of the Tungusic people is in northeasternManchuria, somewhere near theAmur River region. Genetic evidence collected from theUlchsky District suggests a date for the expansion predating 3500 BC.[5]
The Tungusic expansion into Siberia displaced the indigenous Siberian languages, which are now grouped under the termPaleosiberian.
Tungusic people on the Amur river like Udeghe, Ulchi and Nanai adopted Chinese influences in their religion and clothing with Chinese dragons on ceremonial robes, scroll and spiral bird and monster mask designs,Chinese New Year, using silk and cotton, iron cooking pots, and heated homes from China.[6]
TheManchu originally came fromManchuria, which is nowNortheast China and theRussian Far East. Following the Manchuestablishment of the Qing dynasty in the 17th century, they have been almost completelyassimilated into the culture of theethnic Han population ofChina, adopting their language.
The southern Tungusic Manchu farming sedentary lifestyle was very different from the nomadic hunter gatherer forager lifestyle of their more northern Tungusic relatives like the Warka, which left the Qing state to attempt to make them sedentarize and farm like Manchus.[7][8]
During the 17th century, theTsardom of Russia was expanding east across Siberia, and into Tungusic-speaking lands, resulting in early border skirmishes with the Qing dynasty of China, leading up to the 1689Treaty of Nerchinsk. The first published description of a Tungusic people to reach beyond Russia into the rest of Europe was by the Dutch travelerIsaac Massa in 1612. He passed along information from Russian reports after his stay in Moscow.[9]
"Tungusic" (Manchu-Tungus) peoples are divided into two main branches: northern and southern.
The southern branch is dominated by theManchu (historicallyJurchen).Qing emperors were Manchu, and the Manchu group has largely beensinicized (theManchu language being moribund, with 20 native speakers reported as of 2007[10]).
TheSibe were possibly a Tungusic-speaking section of the (Mongolic)Shiwei and have been conquered by the expanding Manchu (Jurchen). Their language is mutually intelligible with Manchu. TheNanai (Goldi) are also derived from the Jurchen. TheOrok (Ulta) are an offshoot of the Nanai. Other minor groups closely related to the Nanai are theUlch,Oroch andUdege. The Udege live in thePrimorsky Krai andKhabarovsk Krai in the Russian Federation.
The northern branch is mostly formed by the closely related ethnic groups ofEvenks (Ewenki) andEvens. (Evenks and Evens are also grouped as "Evenic". Their ethnonyms are only distinguished by a different suffix - -n for Even and -nkī for Evenkī; endonymically, they even use the same adjective for themselves - ǝwǝdī, meaning "Even" in the Even language and "Evenkī" in the Evenkī language.) The Evenks live in theEvenk Autonomous Okrug ofRussia in addition to many parts of eastern Siberia, especiallySakha Republic. The Evens are very closely related to the Evenks by language and culture, and they likewise inhabit various parts of eastern Siberia. People who classify themselves as Evenks in the Russian census tend to live toward the west and toward the south of eastern Siberia, whereas people who classify themselves as Evens tend to live toward the east and toward the north of eastern Siberia, with some degree of overlap in the middle (notably, in certain parts ofSakha Republic). Minor ethnic groups also in the northern branch are theNegidals and theOroqen. The Oroqen,Solon, andKhamnigan inhabit some parts ofHeilongjiang Province,Inner Mongolia in China, andMongolia and may be considered as subgroups of the Evenk ethnicity, though the Solons and the Khamnigans in particular have interacted closely with Mongolic peoples (Mongol,Daur,Buryat), and they are ethnographically quite distinct from the Evenks in Russia.
The Taz people are unique among Tungusic peoples for having a Sinitic dialect as their native language. They are the result of intermarriages between Han Chinese men and Udege, Nanai, and Oroch women in Outer Manchuria during the Qing dynasty.
Tungusic peoples are:
| List of the modern Tungusic peoples | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ethnonym | Population | Main country | Religion | |
| Manchus | 10,424,785 | China | Manchu shamanism,Buddhism,Chinese folk religion,Roman Catholicism | |
| Sibes | 190,481 | China | Buddhism,Shamanism | |
| Evenks | 69,503 | Russia | Shamanism,Russian Orthodoxy,Buddhism | |
| Evens | 22,487 | Russia | Shamanism,Russian Orthodoxy | |
| Nanais | 17,514 | Russia | Buddhism,Russian Orthodoxy,Shamanism | |
| Oroqens | 8,659 | China | Shamanism,Buddhism | |
| Ulchs | 2,841 | Russia | Shamanism,Russian Orthodoxy | |
| Udeges | 1,538 | Russia | Shamanism | |
| Orochs | 815 | Russia | Shamanism,Russian Orthodoxy,Buddhism | |
| Negidals | 565 | Russia | Shamanism | |
| Oroks | 315 | Russia | Shamanism,Russian Orthodoxy | |
| Taz | 274 | Russia | Russian Orthodoxy | |
Tungusic, Sinitic, Mongolic peoples all have large amounts of Ancient Northeast Asian ancestry. Northern Mongolic people in Siberia and eastern Tungusic people in Amur River Basin possess mostly Ancient Northeast Asian ancestry, and Southern Mongolic people in China have genetic influence from Neolithic Yellow River Basin (YRB) farmers.[11]
Previous studies argued for a potential shared ancestry between Tungusic, Mongolic, Turkic, Koreanic, and Japonic populations via Neolithic agriculturalist societies from Northeast China (e.g. theLiao civilization) as a part of the hypothetical Altaic language family. However, genetic data contradicts this because while West Liao River ancestry was found among the "macro-Altaic" Koreans and Japanese, it was absent among the "micro-Altaic" Tungusic and Mongolic populations.[12] Other complications of associating the hypothetical Altaic language family to the West Liao River is that the earliest genomes from the West Liao River also contain Yellow River ancestry (which is not found in Amur or Primorye) and that the similarities betweenAncient Northeast Asian ancestries originating from the West Liao River with those native to the Amur region make such movements into this region difficult to track genetically.[13]
TheManchu, the largest Tungusic-speaking population, displays increased genetic affinity withHan Chinese, andKoreans, compared to with other Tungusic peoples. The Manchu were therefore an exception to the coherent genetic structure of Tungusic-speaking populations, likely due to the large-scale population migrations and genetic admixtures with the Han Chinese in the past few hundred years.[14]
Tungusic peoples display primarily paternal haplogroups associated withAncient Northeast Asians, and display high affinity toMongolic peoples as well as other Northeastern Asian populations. Their primarily haplogroup is associated with theC-M217 clade and its subclades. The other dominant haplogroup isHaplogroup N-M231, which was found in Neolithic Northeastern Asian societies along theLiao river and widespread throughout Siberia. An exception are modernManchu people which display higher frequency ofHaplogroup O-M122.[15][16][17][18][19][20][21] 29/97 = 29.9% C-M86 in a sample of Mongols from northwest Mongolia,[22][23][24]
| Haplogroups (values in percent) | ||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population | Language | n | C | C-M217 | C-M48 | C-M86/M77 | C-M407 | O | O-M122 | O-M119 | O-M268 | O-M176 | N | N-Tat | N-P43 | R1a | R1b | Q | Others | Reference |
| Evenks (China) | Northern Tungusic | 41 | 43.9 | 43.9 | - | 34.1 | - | 36.6 | 24.4 | 2.4 | 9.8 | 2.4 | 4.9 | 0.0 | 2.4 | 4.9 | 0.0 | 9.8 | 0.0 | Hammer 2006[16] |
| Evenks (China) | Northern Tungusic | 26 | 57.7 | 57.7 | 30.8 | - | 0.0 | 34.6 | 23.1 | 7.7 | 3.8 | 0.0 | 3.8 | - | - | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | K-M9(xNO-M214, P-92R7)=3.8 | Xue 2006[17] |
| Evenks (Russia) | Northern Tungusic | 95 | 68.4 | 68.4 | - | 54.7 | - | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 18.9 | 16.8 | 2.1 | 1.1 | 0.0 | 4.2 | I1-P30=5.3 J2-M172(xM12)=2.1 | Hammer 2006[16] |
| Evens (Russia) | Northern Tungusic | 31 | 74.2 | 74.2 | - | 61.3 | - | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 0.0 | 6.5 | 0.0 | 3.2 | I2a1-P37.2=3.2 | Hammer 2006[16] |
| Hezhe (China) | Amur Tungusic | 45 | 28.9 | 22.2 | 11.1 | - | - | 51.1 | 44.4 | 0.0 | 6.7 | 4.4 | 20.0 | - | 17.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | Xue 2006[17] |
| Manchu (China) | Jurchen-Manchu | 52 | 26.9 | 26.9 | - | 0.0 | - | 57.7 | 38.5 | 3.8 | 9.6 | 3.8 | 5.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.9 | - | 0.0 | R2a-M124=3.8 R1-M173(xP25, M73, M269, SRY10831b)=1.9 J-12f2(xM172)=1.9 | Hammer 2006[16] |
| Manchu (China) | Jurchen-Manchu | 35 | 25.7 | 25.7 | 2.9 | - | - | 54.3 | 37.1 | 2.9 | 14.3 | 5.7 | 14.3 | 0.0 | 2.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | DE-YAP(xE-SRY4064)=2.9 K-M9(xNO-M214, P-92R7)=2.9 | Xue 2006[17] |
| Oroqen (China) | Northern Tungusic | 22 | 90.9 | 90.9 | - | 68.2 | - | 4.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.5 | 0.0 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | Hammer 2006[16] |
| Oroqen (China) | Northern Tungusic | 31 | 61.3 | 61.3 | 41.9 | - | - | 29.0 | 19.4 | 0.0 | 6.5 | 0.0 | 6.5 | 0.0 | 6.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | K-M9(xNO-M214, P-92R7)=3.2 | Xue 2006[17] |
| Ulchi (Russia) | Amur Tungusic | 52 | 69.2 | 69.2 | 34.6 | 26.9 | 0.0 | 15.4 | 11.5 | 1.9 | 1.9 | - | 5.8 | 3.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 5.8 | I-P37=1.9% J1-M267(xP58)=1.9% | Balanovska 2018[5] |
| Xibe (China) | Jurchen-Manchu | 41 | 26.8 | 26.8 | 4.9 | - | - | 36.6 | 26.8 | 7.3 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 17.1 | 4.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | - | - | J-12f2=7.3 P-92R7(xR1a-SRY10831.2)=2.4 DE-YAP(xE-SRY4064)=2.4 BT-SRY10831.1(xC-M130, DE-YAP, J-12f2, K-M9)=2.4 | Xue 2006[17] |
The maternal haplogroups of Tungusic peoples are primarily shared with otherNorthern East Asians. Maternal haplogroup diversity seems to reflect some amount ofgene flow with peoples living around theSea of Okhotsk (Koryaks, Nivkhs, Ainus,etc.) on one hand and peoples living inEast Asia (Mongolic peoples) on the other.[25][26]
According to a total of 29 sample from the mtDNA studies ofXibo,Oroqen, andHezhen fromChina:
| Haplogroup | Pop. | % | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Haplogroup B | 2/29 | 6.89% | |
| Haplogroup C | 8/29 | 27.58% | |
| Haplogroup D | 6/29 | 20.68% | |
| Haplogroup F | 4/29 | 13.79% | |
| Haplogroup M | 1/29 | 3.44% | |
| Haplogroup R | 1/29 | 3.44% | |
| Haplogroup J | 1/29 | 3.44% | Found 1 in 10 (10%) samples of Oroqen |
| Haplogroup U | 1/29 | 3.44% | Found 1 in 9 (11.11%) samples of Xibo |
| Haplogroup Y | 4/29 | 13.79% | All 4 samples found only in the Hezhen people |
| Haplogroup Z | 1/29 | 3.44%% |
283 samples from a mtDNA study of Tungusic Evenks, Evens, and Udeges in Russia published in 2013, their main mtDNA haplogroups are :
| Haplogroup | Pop. | % | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Haplogroup C | 121/283 | 42.76% | |
| C4b | 55/283 | 19.43% | |
| C4a | 54/283 | 19.08% | |
| C5 | 11/283 | 3.89% | |
| Haplogroup D | 69/283 | 24.38% | |
| D4l2 | 18/283 | 6.36% | |
| D5a2a2 | 12/283 | 4.24% | |
| D4e4a | 10/283 | 3.53% | |
| D3 | 8/283 | 2.83% | |
| D4o2 | 8/283 | 2.83% | (observed only in the sample of Evens from Kamchatka) |
| D4i2 | 5/283 | 1.77% | |
| D4j | 5/283 | 1.77% | |
| D4m2 | 3/283 | 1.06% | |
| Haplogroup Z1a | 25/283 | 8.83% | |
| Z1a(xZ1a1, Z1a2) | 12/283 | 4.24% | |
| Z1a2 | 9/283 | 3.18% | |
| Z1a1 | 4/283 | 1.41% | |
| Haplogroup A | 11/283 | 3.89% | |
| A4(xA2a, A2b1, A8, A12a) | 7/283 | 2.47% | |
| A12a | 2/283 | 0.71% | |
| A2a | 2/283 | 0.71% | |
| Haplogroup N9b | 10/283 | 3.53% | (observed only in the sample of Udege) |
| Haplogroup G | 10/283 | 3.53% | |
| G1b | 9/283 | 3.18% | |
| G2a1 | 1/283 | 0.35% | |
| Haplogroup Y1a | 8/283 | 2.83% | |
| Haplogroup M7 | 8/283 | 2.83% | |
| M7a2a | 6/283 | 2.12% | |
| M7c1d | 2/283 | 0.71% | |
| Haplogroup F1b1 | 6/283 | 2.12% |
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