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 Photo of the tuned mass damper at432 Park Avenue |
Atuned mass damper (TMD), also known as aharmonic absorber orseismic damper, is a device mounted in structures to reduce mechanicalvibrations, consisting of a mass mounted on one or moredamped springs. Its oscillation frequency is tuned to be similar to theresonant frequency of the object it is mounted to, and reduces the object's maximum amplitude while weighing much less than it.
TMDs can prevent discomfort, damage, or outrightstructural failure. They are frequently used in power transmission, automobiles and buildings.
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Tuned mass dampers stabilize against violent motion caused byharmonic vibration. They use a comparatively lightweight component to reduce the vibration of a system so that its worst-case vibrations are less intense. Roughly speaking, practical systems are tuned to either move the main mode away from a troubling excitation frequency, or to add damping to a resonance that is difficult or expensive to damp directly. An example of the latter is a crankshaft torsional damper. Mass dampers are frequently implemented with a frictional or hydraulic component that turns mechanical kinetic energy into heat, like an automotiveshock absorber.
Given a motor with massm1 attached via motor mounts to the ground, the motor vibrates as it operates and the soft motor mounts act as a parallel spring and damper,k1 andc1. The force on the motor mounts isF0. In order to reduce the maximum force on the motor mounts as the motor operates over a range of speeds, a smaller mass,m2, is connected tom1 by a spring and a damper,k2 andc2.F1 is the effective force on the motor due to its operation.
The graph shows the effect of a tuned mass damper on a simple spring–mass–damper system, excited by vibrations with an amplitude of one unit of force applied to the main mass,m1. An important measure of performance is the ratio of the force on the motor mounts to the force vibrating the motor,F0/F1. This assumes that the system is linear, so if the force on the motor were to double, so would the force on the motor mounts. The blue line represents the baseline system, with a maximum response of 9 units of force at around 9 units of frequency. The red line shows the effect of adding a tuned mass of 10% of the baseline mass. It has a maximum response of 5.5, at a frequency of 7. As a side effect, it also has a second normal mode and will vibrate somewhat more than the baseline system at frequencies below about 6 and above about 10.
The heights of the two peaks can be adjusted by changing the stiffness of the spring in the tuned mass damper. Changing the damping also changes the height of the peaks, in a complex fashion. The split between the two peaks can be changed by altering the mass of the damper (m2).
TheBode plot is more complex, showing the phase and magnitude of the motion of each mass, for the two cases, relative toF1.
In the plots at right, the black line shows the baseline response (m2 = 0). Now consideringm2 = m1/10, the blue line shows the motion of the damping mass and the red line shows the motion of the primary mass. The amplitude plot shows that at low frequencies, the damping mass resonates much more than the primary mass. The phase plot shows that at low frequencies, the two masses are in phase. As the frequency increasesm2 moves out of phase withm1 until at around 9.5 Hz it is 180° out of phase withm1, maximizing the damping effect by maximizing the amplitude ofx2 − x1, this maximizes the energy dissipated intoc2 and simultaneously pulls on the primary mass in the same direction as the motor mounts.
The tuned mass damper was introduced as part of the suspension system byRenault on its 2005 F1 car (theRenault R25), at the2005 Brazilian Grand Prix. The system reportedly reduced lap times by 0.3 seconds: a phenomenal gain for a relatively simple device.[1] The stewards of the meeting deemed it legal, but theFIA appealed against that decision.
Two weeks later, the FIA International Court of Appeal deemed the mass damper illegal.[2][3] It was deemed to be illegal because the mass was not rigidly attached to the chassis; the influence the damper had on the pitch attitude of the car in turn affected the gap under the car and theground effects of the car. As such, the damper was considered to be a movable aerodynamic device and hence an illegal influence on the performance of theaerodynamics.
Tuned mass dampers are widely used in production cars, typically on thecrankshaft pulley to controltorsional vibration and, more rarely, the bending modes of the crankshaft. They are also used on the driveline for gearwhine, and elsewhere for other noises or vibrations on the exhaust, body, suspension or anywhere else. Almost all modern cars will have one mass damper, and some may have ten or more.
The usual design of damper on the crankshaft consists of a thin band of rubber between the hub of the pulley and the outer rim. This device, often called aharmonic damper, is located on the other end of the crankshaft opposite of where theflywheel and the transmission are. An alternative design is thecentrifugal pendulum absorber which is used to reduce theinternal combustion engine's torsional vibrations.
All four wheels of theCitroën 2CV incorporated a tuned mass damper (referred to as abatteur in the original French) of very similar design to that used in the Renault F1 car, from the start of production in 1949 on all four wheels, before being removed from the rear and eventually the front wheels in the mid 1970s.
The tuned mass damper is widely used as a method to add damping to bridges. One use case for tuned mass dampers in bridges is to prevent large vibrations due toresonance with pedestrian loads.[5] By adding a tuned mass damper, damping is added to the structure which causes the vibration of the structure to be reduced as the vibration steady state amplitude is inversely proportional to the damping of the structure.[6]
One proposal to reduce vibration on NASA'sAres solid fuel booster was to use 16 tuned mass dampers as part of a design strategy to reduce peak loads from 6g to 0.25g, with the TMDs being responsible for the reduction from 1g to 0.25g, the rest being done by conventionalvibration isolators between the upper stages and the booster.[7][8]
High-tension lines often have smallbarbell-shapedStockbridge dampers hanging from thewires to reduce the high-frequency, low-amplitude oscillation termedflutter.[9][10]
A standard tuned mass damper for wind turbines consists of an auxiliary mass which is attached to the main structure by means of springs anddashpot elements. The natural frequency of the tuned mass damper is basically defined by itsspring constant and the damping ratio determined by the dashpot. The tuned parameter of the tuned mass damper enables the auxiliary mass to oscillate with a phase shift with respect to the motion of the structure. In a typical configuration, an auxiliary mass hung below thenacelle of a wind turbine supported by dampers or friction plates.[citation needed]
When installed in buildings, dampers are typically huge concrete blocks or steel bodies mounted inskyscrapers or other structures, which move in opposition to theresonance frequency oscillations of the structure by means ofsprings, fluid, or pendulums.
Unwanted vibration may be caused by environmental forces acting on a structure, such as wind or earthquake, or by a seemingly innocuous vibration source causing resonance which range from the destructive to the unpleasant to the simply inconvenient.[citation needed]
Theseismic waves caused by anearthquake will make buildings sway andoscillate in various ways depending on the frequency and direction ofground motion, and the height and construction of the building. Seismic activity can cause excessive oscillations of the building which may lead tostructural failure. To enhance the building'sseismic performance, a proper building design is performed engaging various seismicvibration control technologies.As mentioned above, damping devices had been used in the aeronautics and automobile industries long before they were standard in mitigating seismic damage to buildings. In fact, the first specialized damping devices for earthquakes were not developed until late in 1950.[11]
Masses of people walking up and down stairs at once, or great numbers of people stomping in unison, can cause serious problems in large structures like stadiums if those structures lack damping measures.
The force of wind against tall buildings can cause the top of skyscrapers to move more than a meter. This motion can be in the form of swaying or twisting, and can cause the upper floors of such buildings to move. Certain angles of wind andaerodynamic properties of a building can accentuate the movement and causemotion sickness in people. A TMD is usually tuned to its building's resonant frequency to work efficiently. However, during their lifetimes, high-rise and slender buildings may experience natural resonant frequency changes under wind speed, ambient temperature and relative humidity variations, among other factors, which requires a robust TMD design.
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Australia
Brazil
Canada
China
Czech Republic
Germany
India
Iran
Ireland
Japan
Kazakhstan
Russia
Taiwan
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United States
Two 250 tonne tuned mass dampers were placed at chest height to control the sway in high winds.
To arrest any sway of such a tall structure, two Tuned Mass Dampers of 250 tonnes each have been used.
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