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Tumbes | |
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Town | |
 Top left: Punta Sal Beach (Playa Punta Sal), Top right: Tumbes Cathedral, 2nd left: Tumbes River and Tumbes National Reserve Mangrove Sanctuary, 2nd right: Malecon Benavides, 3rd left: A Condor monument and Tumbes Clock Tower in Jerusalem Walks (Paseo Jerusalem), 3rd right: Armas Square (Plaza del Armas), Bottom: Sunset in Pizarro Port | |
 Flag  Coat of arms | |
  Tumbes Location of in Peru | |
| Coordinates:03°34′15″S80°27′35″W / 3.57083°S 80.45972°W /-3.57083; -80.45972 | |
| Country |  Peru |
| Region | Tumbes |
| Province | Tumbes |
| District | Tumbes |
| Demonym | Tumbesino(a) |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Jimmy Silva |
| Area | |
• Total | 1,800.15 km2 (695.04 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 6 m (20 ft) |
| Population (2017) | |
• Total | 96,946 |
• Estimate (2015)[1] | 111,595 |
| • Density | 54/km2 (140/sq mi) |
Tumbes is a city in northwesternPeru, on the banks of theTumbes River. It is the capital of theTumbes Region, as well as ofTumbes Province andTumbes District. Located near theborder withEcuador, Tumbes has 111,595 inhabitants as of 2015. It is served by theCap. FAP Pedro Canga Rodriguez Airport. It is located on the Gulf of Guayaquil along with Zorritos.
Tumbes has its origins back inpre-Inca times when it was inhabited by a cultural group of natives calledTumpis. At its peak, its population is estimated to have reached 178,000. After 1400, IncaPachacuti ruled over Tumbes and the territory became an important political stronghold during theInca Empire. Later Inca emperorHuayna Capac expanded Tumbes by ordering the construction of roads, houses and palaces.[2]: 123
Tumbes was first visited by SpanishconquistadorFrancisco Pizarro during the start of theSpanish conquest of the Inca Empire in 1528.[2]: 119–123 Molina noted that Tumbes was a well organized town.[citation needed] Pizarro made a second expedition in 1532 during which he encountered resistance from thecuraca (chieftain)Chilimaza in what became known as theBattle of the Manglares. Pizarro was eventually successful and is said to have planted a cross in the invaded territory as a sign of Hispanic victory.Felipillo andYacané, the first South American Indigenous interpreters who later aided Pizarro and his followers during the conquest of Peru, were born in Tumbes.[citation needed]
During its colonial period, Tumbes was sparsely populated and formed a part of the Audiencia of Quito through an unmodified Cedula of 1563 and Cedula of 1740. When Tumbes declared its independence from Spain, it opted to join Peru believing in the right of free determination of peoples. First, the Republic of the Gran Colombia challenged that right and then Ecuador claiming de jure rights through unmodified colonial Royal Decrees ( Real Cédulas ), but to no avail. The Protocol of Rio de Janeiro signed in 1942 with Ecuador legally confirmed Peru's previously de facto rights over Tumbes after a victorious war. However, lasting peace between both countries was not achieved until 1998, after a final conflict in 1995. Peruvian President Alberto Fujimori and Ecuadorian Presidente Jamil Mahuad signed a final document in which Ecuador accepted Perú's right over Tumbes and other territories claimed by Ecuador until then.[citation needed]
Tumbes has ahot arid climate (KöppenBWh), although it receives an average annual rainfall of 307.5 millimetres or 12.1 inches, due to its highpotential evapotranspiration. Rainfall is very variable due to theEl Niño Southern Oscillation, with strong El Niños frequently seeing more than twice the mean rain.
| Climate data for Tumbes, Peru (Cap. FAP Pedro Canga Rodríguez Airport) extremes 1974-present | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 37.0 (98.6) | 36.8 (98.2) | 39.6 (103.3) | 36.6 (97.9) | 35.6 (96.1) | 40.0 (104.0) | 39.1 (102.4) | 38.0 (100.4) | 33.8 (92.8) | 33.5 (92.3) | 34.1 (93.4) | 35.3 (95.5) | 40.0 (104.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 30.7 (87.3) | 31.1 (88.0) | 31.3 (88.3) | 31.3 (88.3) | 30.2 (86.4) | 28.6 (83.5) | 27.4 (81.3) | 26.7 (80.1) | 26.9 (80.4) | 27.4 (81.3) | 28.3 (82.9) | 29.7 (85.5) | 29.1 (84.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 26.4 (79.5) | 27.0 (80.6) | 27.1 (80.8) | 26.9 (80.4) | 26.2 (79.2) | 24.8 (76.6) | 23.8 (74.8) | 22.9 (73.2) | 23.6 (74.5) | 23.9 (75.0) | 24.4 (75.9) | 25.7 (78.3) | 25.2 (77.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 22.1 (71.8) | 22.3 (72.1) | 22.6 (72.7) | 22.4 (72.3) | 21.7 (71.1) | 20.7 (69.3) | 19.4 (66.9) | 19.0 (66.2) | 19.3 (66.7) | 19.9 (67.8) | 20.4 (68.7) | 21.4 (70.5) | 20.9 (69.6) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 15.6 (60.1) | 16.4 (61.5) | 15.0 (59.0) | 14.2 (57.6) | 14.0 (57.2) | 14.4 (57.9) | 15.0 (59.0) | 12.0 (53.6) | 12.0 (53.6) | 12.6 (54.7) | 14.0 (57.2) | 12.0 (53.6) | 12.0 (53.6) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 21.1 (0.83) | 84.2 (3.31) | 54.7 (2.15) | 63.7 (2.51) | 52.5 (2.07) | 0.6 (0.02) | 6.6 (0.26) | 0.6 (0.02) | 0.3 (0.01) | 1.0 (0.04) | 1.1 (0.04) | 21.1 (0.83) | 307.5 (12.09) |
| Average rainy days(≥ 1.0 mm) | 4.0 | 7.4 | 6.1 | 4.6 | 2.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 2.2 | 28.4 |
| Averagerelative humidity (%) | 74 | 76 | 75 | 76 | 76 | 78 | 79 | 80 | 79 | 78 | 76 | 74 | 77 |
| Source 1:Deutscher Wetterdienst[3] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[4] | |||||||||||||
Tumbes travel guide from Wikivoyage.svg) Peruvian cities with a population of over 100,000 | |
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