| Tulare Lake | |
|---|---|
 A group of unidentified men and a dog camping at the shores of Tulare Lake, 1880 | |
  Tulare Lake | |
| Location | San Joaquin Valley Kings County, California |
| Coordinates | 36°3′0″N119°47′17″W / 36.05000°N 119.78806°W /36.05000; -119.78806 |
| Type | Dry lake |
| Primary inflows | Kaweah River Kern River Kings River Tule River White River |
| Primary outflows | Evaporation, historically underground seepage toSan Joaquin River, occasional flow toSuisun Bay[1] |
| Basin countries | United States |
| Max. length | Dry bed 81 mi (130 km) |
| Surface area | Dry bed 690 sq mi (1,780 km2) |
| Average depth | Dry |
| Water volume | 6.5 million acre-feet (8.0 km3) at capacity |
| Surface elevation | 187 ft (57 m) 203 ft (62 m) 210 ft (64 m) drains intoFresno Slough |
| Settlements | Hanford Corcoran Alpaugh |
| References | U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Tulare Lake |
Tulare Lake (/tʊˈlɛəri/ ⓘ) orTache Lake (Yokuts:Pah-áh-su,Pah-áh-sē) is a freshwater lake in the southernSan Joaquin Valley, California, United States. Historically, Tulare Lake was once the largest freshwater lake west of theMississippi River in surface area.[2] For thousands of years, from thePaleolithic onward, Tulare Lake was a uniquely rich area, which supported perhaps the largest population of Native Americans north of present-day Mexico.[3]
In the second half of the 19th century, Tulare Lake was dried up by diverting its tributary rivers for agricultural irrigation and municipal water uses. In modern times, it is usually adry lake with residualwetlands andmarshes. The lake reappears during unusually high levels of rainfall or snow melt as it did in 1942, 1969, 1983, 1997, 1998, and 2023.
TheSpanish wordtular (plural:tulares) refers to a field oftule rush. Spanish captainPedro Fages led the first excursions to the southern San Joaquin Valley in1773.
This plain will exceed one hundred and twenty leagues in length and in parts is twenty, fifteen and even less in width. It is all a labyrinth of lakes andtulares, and the river San Francisco, divided into several branches, winding in the middle of the plain, now enters and now flows out of the lakes, until very near to the place where it enters into the estuary of the river.
Tulare ultimately derives fromClassical Nahuatltōlin, "rush" or "reeds".[4][5] The name is thus cognate with various Mesoamerican sites, such asTula andTultepec.
A Tachi name of the lake isPa'ashi which translates to "big water".[6] Other variants include Chentache (or Chintache) and Chataqui.[7]
Before 600,000 years ago,Lake Corcoran covered the Central Valley of California. 600,000 years ago a new outlet formed in the present daySan Francisco Bay, rapidly carving an outlet throughCarquinez Strait, probably catastrophically, and drained the lake, leaving theBuena Vista,Kern and Tulare Lakes as remnants.The lake was part of a 13,700-square-mile (35,400 km2) partiallyendorheic basin, at the south end of theSan Joaquin Valley, where it received water from theKern,Tule, andKaweah Rivers, as well as from southerndistributaries of theKings.[8]
It was separated from the rest of the San Joaquin Valley bytectonic subsidence andalluvial fans extending out from Los Gatos Creek in theCoast Ranges and the Kings River in theSierra Nevada. Above a threshold elevation of 207 to 210 feet (63 to 64 m), it overflowed northward into the then-extant Summit Lake (southwest ofRiverdale), thence viaFresno Slough to theSan Joaquin River.[2] This happened in 19 of 29 years from 1850 to 1878. No overflows occurred after 1878 due to increasing diversions of tributary waters for agricultural irrigation and municipal water uses. By 1899, the lake was dry except for residual wetlands and occasional floods.[8]
Tulare Lake was the largest of several lakes in its lower basin. Most of the Kern River's flow first went intoKern Lake andBuena Vista Lake via the Kern River andKern River Slough southwest and south of the site ofBakersfield. If they overflowed, it was through the Kern River channel northwest through tule marshland and Goose Lake, into Tulare Lake.
During times of high water, the ridge of high ground separating the upper Chintache basin from the lower Tontache basin became anarchipelago in the southern part of the lake. During times of low water, this ridge created two separate lakes. Today, these former islands make up the Sand Ridge inKings County.[9]
The largest of these islands, Atwell's Island, was originally known as Hog-Root Island or Root Island. It was owned by Allen J. Atwell ofVisalia, California, who introduced hogs onto the island. In early history, it was the site of the Wowol village, Chawlowin. Today the city ofAlpaugh, California, sits on the remnants of Atwell's Island. Atwell Island was the largest of the Tulare Lake archipelago and has the latest recorded habitation by indigenous peoples. A Bird Island is shown in an 1876 map at the tip of Atwell Island's 'teardrop' shape which shows a small, oblate island.[9]
AWowol village on Atwell's Island was named Chawlowin.[10] It was occupied after 1852 by refugeeYokuts natives. Yoimut described semi-traditional life at Chawlowin:
My mother found almost all of her relations there at Chawlowin. Her brother had his family there and two or three of her uncles were there, too. They had all come back to that camp from Tule River Reservation, where the soldiers had taken them from Téjon Ranch. They wanted to stay at their old home. These people did not go back to the old village at the mouth of Deer Creek and White River because they would come back and get them. They were hid in the tules in tumlus (toom-loos) houses at the north side of the Island.
Gull Island was a small islet at the mouth of theTule River, extending westward from the south bank of the Tule River. It was a narrow bar which was low, muddy, and had no vegetation. It was named for the large number ofgulls which nested at the site.
Pelican Island was formed from deposits of theKings River as an extension of its east channel, about a mile long and ten to sixty feet wide in 1883. It was named, as with Gull Island, for the vast number ofwhite pelicans that nested on there.Cormorants also were present.
Skull Island extended between five and six miles and was just over half a mile wide, the highest part being about twenty feet above the lakebed. Skull Island is one of the more locally famous landmarks.Frank F. Latta identifies it with the Calaveres [sic] of the early Spanish settlers.[11][12] Yoimut (Josie Alonzo) described a village,Witi'tsolo wın, probably on or near the site, toAnna Hadwick Gayton, which she visited between 1860 and 1870.[10][13]
Throughout the 19th century it was common for settlers in the Central Valley toraid Skull Island. Dr. William Ferguson Cartmill, who numerous streets are named after inTulare County, took several skulls from the site and kept them in his house.[12]Local legend holds of a great "Indian battle" that took place at Skull Island.[11] It is far more likely that the mass grave on Skull Island was due to an epidemic, probablysmallpox.
For many years the tradition was that these unburied skeletons were the results of a great Indian battle. We can well believe upon good authority that [the battle] was really not the case, but that during the pestilence of 1833 this tribe was probably killed by the same plague which almost entirely depopulated the entire San Joaquin Valley.
— Frank F. Latta, Tulare Daily TimesTuesday, 9 June 1931
Native ecosystems of the region ranged fromsaltbrush scrub andalkali sink tovalley grassland and wetland. Today,alfalfa is grown on some parts of the southern basin and invasivesaltcedar is recorded in natural habitats.[14]
Indigenous fauna of the Sand Ridge area includeBuena Vista Lake shrew (Sorex ornatus relictus),southwestern pond turtle (Actinemys pallida),fulvous whistling duck (Dendrocygna bicolor),least bittern (Ixobrychus exilis),California red-legged frog (Rana aurora draytonii),giant garter snake (Thamnophis gigas).[14] and the extinctThicktail chub fish.[15]
Other species native or present in the area aresandhill cranes andtricolored blackbird.[16] Historically attested species (sometimes present in nearby placenames) like thetule elk andpronghorn antelope were of economic importance to Native American peoples living in the area.Grizzly Adams hunted tule elk on Pelican Island in the 1850s.[11]
The re-emergence of the lake can lead to explosions of the mosquito population in the area, which raises the concern of mosquito borne illness for people living in the area.[17]
The Tulare Lake region has been continually inhabited for more than 10,000 years.[citation needed] TheWitt Site, on the shores of Tulare Lake, has yielded fluted and stemmed points fromPaleoindian cultures, flaked stone crescents, Pinto points, drills, and limaces or "humpies." Fragmented mineralized bone have been identified as horse (Equus), bison (Bison), ground sloth (Paramylodon), and mammoth (Mammuthus) or mastodon (Mammut).[18]
The Sand Ridge area has similarly been occupied since at least the latePleistocene.[19] According to theBureau of Land Management, Sand Ridge "has yielded artifacts spanning the entire cultural horizon in California."[19] Historical research by William Preston suggests that European-introduced epidemics may have devastated Lake Indians as early as 1500.[20]
At the point of European contact, threeYokuts nations inhabited the Tulare Lake area. The Wowol, to the southern margin, the Chunut to the east, and the Tachi to the north and west.[9]
European exploration into the Tulare Basin area began in 1805 with Fr. Juan Martin, who was the first European to see the lake. He arrived in Wowol territory following a three-day trip from the coast.[9]
In 1816, Luís Antonio Martinez destroyed the rancheria of Bubal, burning the village, scattering their grain, and smashing their grinding stones. He was heavily criticized for his cruelty by Father Juan Cabot, who was present on the expedition.[21]
According toFrank F. Latta, there was an epidemic around 1833 that wiped out nearly the entire western San Joaquin Valley:
At least three centenarians among my Yokuts informants were children here at that time. They were able to verify the existence of such an occurrence and to give me some account of it: burial of dead bodies until there were not enough survivors to make burials; abandonment of village sites, fleeing to the mountains, and later, studying the general condition of the valley floor and foothills until the Mewalk throught [sic] them safe for reoccupation. These centarians were Pahmit, San Joaquin River Dumna; Sahn-e-hat, Tule River Yaudanche, and To-tu-yah, Yosemite Valley Mewalk. Totuyah and Pahmit actually knew of the Mewalk moving down into the vacant Yokuts territory.[22]
Skull Island was probably a result of this epidemic, as Latta's informants specifically note that bodies were too high in quantity for the living to bury them.[23]
Two Mexican land grants were claimed in 1843, one between Kings River and Cross Creek, and another, Manuel Castro'sRancho Laguna de Tache on the north bank of the Kings River.John C. Frémont led a United States military expedition across California, including Tulare Lake, immediately before theMexican-American War.
United States settlers began entering the Tulare Basin in 1826. The first settler to enter the San Joaquin Valley wasJedediah Smith.[24][21]
In 1854,Grizzly Adams hunted on Pelican Island, "where there was said to be elk in abundance." Children from a village on the mouth of the Kings River guided him to the island on a canoe made of tules. In 1858 or 1859, settlers beganethnically cleansing Tulare Lake, by killing or forcibly relocating the majority of theYokuts population. Severe floods in 1861 and 1867 killed thousands of cattle and caused settlers to request further dams on the inflows to Tulare Lake. From 1875 to 1877, large numbers of hogs and cattle were carried to Skull Island from the mainland on theMose Andross.[25]
Presumably the last autonomous Indigenous people lived at the Tulare Lake archipelago in the 1870s. Yoimut detailed white settlers introducing cattle to the island and subsequently forcing the indigenous people out:
While we were at Chawlowin some white men put cattle on the island. The water was low and they drove them across from the east. There were hogs there already, but they were wild. As soon as the white people found out we were there we began to have trouble. The tules were getting dry and we were afraid the white people would burn us out. So we all left. My mother and stepfather took us to Téjon Ranch. We went in his brother's little wagon.[26]
 | This sectionis missing information aboutJames Griffin Boswell. Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on thetalk page.(March 2023) |
In the wake of theUnited States Civil War, late 19th-century settlers drained the surrounding marshes for agriculture. In1884, Scottish travel writerConstance Gordon-Cumming warned that "[e]ven the great Tulare lake itself is in danger of being gradually absorbed by the numerous canals and ditches with which the whole country is now being intersected...[t]he poor lakes have simply been left to starve—the rivers, whose surplus waters hitherto fed them, having now been bridled and led away in ditches and canals to feed the great wheat-fields."[27]
That same year,Scientific American predicted the "utter absorption" of Tulare Lake.[28]The Kaweah, Kern, Kings, and Tule Rivers were dammed upstream in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, which turned theirheadwaters into a system ofreservoirs. In the San Joaquin Valley, the state and counties builtcanals to deliver that water and divert the remaining flows for agriculturalirrigation and municipal water uses. Tulare Lake was nearly dry by the early 20th century.
Swedish naturalistGustav Eisen, who crossed the lake by steamboat in 1878 and undertook an excavation of Sand Ridge probably that same year, celebrated the desiccation.[21] He wrote,
In my opinion the drying up of Tulare Lake is a good thing. The land will be good for crops and there will be less sickness in the vicinity. The sloughs and marsh land in the old days used to be full of malaria that will now be a thing of the past.[29]
Skull Island, surrounded by wheat fields, was eventually raided bygrave robbers.[29]
Enough water remained that theAlameda Naval Air Station used Tulare Lake as an outlying seaplane base duringWorld War II and the early years of theCold War.Flying boats could land on Tulare Lake when landing conditions were unsafe onSan Francisco Bay.[30]
The lake bed became a shallow basin of fertilesoil, within theCentral Valley of California, the most productive agricultural region of the United States. Farms in the basin produce much of the country's cotton, tomatoes, pistachios, almonds, walnuts, alfalfa, wheat, barley and cow milk.[31] Farmers have irrigated the area for a century, sosoil salination is becoming a concern. The destruction of theterrestrial wetlands and thelake ecosystemhabitats resulted in substantial losses ofterrestrial animals,plants,aquatic animals,water plants, and resident and migratingbirds.
Yoimut, who spent a significant part of her life on the lake, warned ethnographerFrank F. Latta that the lake would return.[10] In 1938 and 1955, the lake flooded, which prompted the construction of theTerminus andSuccess Dams on the Kaweah and Tule Rivers in Tulare County andPine Flat Dam on the Kings River in Fresno County.[32] Although usually dry, the lake reappears during floods following unusually high levels of rainfall or snow melt;[32] for this reason, it has been called a "phantom lake," "the lake that will not die," or California’s zombie lake.[33][34] Estimates have found that Tulare Lake could hold twice the water of the proposedTemperance Flat Dam at one-fifth the cost.[35] The Tachi Yokuts and many other people and organizations are trying to restore the lake permanently for various reasons including environmental purposes, water storage and Native American land reclaiming.[36][37][38][39]
The lake reappeared in 1942, 1969, 1983,[32] 1997,[34][40] 1998,[41] and 2023.[34][40][42][43] In 1983, the lake took two years to dry out.[44] In June 1998, an above-normal winter snowfall led to the lake reappearing, reaching a size of 20,000 acres (81 km2), which resulted in about $100 million worth of crop damage and losses.[41]
Thegroundwater in recent years has been overpumped by the large land owners that dominate the politics and economy of the Tulare Lake region. The overpumping has contributed to thesinking of the ground underCorcoran, as well as exacerbated the dangers of flooding and necessitated the construction of multimillion-dollarlevees.[45][46]
The numerous storms that struck California during thefirst few months of 2023 resulted in the reappearance of over 114,000 acres (46,000 ha) of the lake,[47] forcing the evacuation of several communities and causing the flooding of hundreds of farm buildings and homes amidst the land farmed by agricultural operations on the former lakebed.[48][49][50][34][51] Parts of the communities ofAlpaugh andAllensworth were under evacuation orders due to concerns that they might become flooded.[40] Some floodwaters were diverted to alleviate flooding on farms. TheKern National Wildlife Refuge received its full water allocation in 2023. Located about 4 miles (6.4 km) south, the wetlands provide habitat for birds as part of thePacific Flyway.[52] As of February 1, 2024, the water only covered 4,532 acres of farmland.[53]
In 1967, a documentary film about the J.G. Boswell Company’s achievements and variety of California's agricultural industry titledThe Big Land directed by David H. Vowell was released.[54]
TV personalityHuell Howser visited Tulare Lake in an episode of his show,California's Gold, in 1999.[55]
In 2003, author Mark Arax published a book titledThe King of California which is about howJ.G. Boswell turned the lakebed into farms and revolutionized the farming industry.[56]
In 2015, a documentary titledTulare, the Phantom Lake: Drought was released and in 2022, a second part to the same documentary was released. They were both directed and produced by Christopher Beaver.[57][58]
In 2024, author Greg Collins published a book about the lake titledSeven Generations; the Past, Present, and Future of the Tulare Lake Basin.[59]
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