Movatterモバイル変換

Tukang Besi language

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Austronesian language of the Tukangbesi Islands of southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia

Tukang Besi
Native to	Indonesia
Region	Sulawesi, Tukang Besi Archipelago
Native speakers	(250,000 cited 1995)^[1]
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Celebic Muna–Buton Tukang Besi
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Either: `khc` – Tukang Besi North `bhq` – Tukang Besi South
Glottolog	`tuka1247`
This article containsIPA phonetic symbols. Without properrendering support, you may seequestion marks, boxes, or other symbols instead ofUnicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA.

Tukang Besi, or known in Indonesia by the termsPulo orWakatobi, is anAustronesian language spoken in theTukangbesi Islands in southeastSulawesi inIndonesia by a quarter million speakers. A Tukang Besi pidgin is used in the area.^[2]

Tukang Besi Pidgin
Native speakers	None
Language family	Tukang Besi–based pidgin
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	`pidg1257`

Phonology

[edit]

The northern dialect of Tukang Besi has 25 consonantphonemes and a basic 5-vowel system.^[3] It featuresstress which is usually on the second-to-last syllable. The language has twoimplosive consonants, which are uncommon in the world's languages. Thecoronal plosives and/s/ have prenasalized counterparts which act as separate phonemes.

Tukang Besi (northern dialect) consonants^[3]
		Bilabial		Dental/ Alveolar		Velar		Glottal
Nasal		m		n		ŋ
Plosive	plain	p	b	t̪	(d̪)	k	ɡ	ʔ
Plosive	prenasalized	mp	mb	n̪t̪	n̪d̪	ŋk	ŋɡ
Implosive			ɓ		ɗ̪
Fricative	plain		β	s	(z)			h
Fricative	prenasalized			n̪s̪
Trill				r
Lateral				l̪

Notes:

/b/ only appears in loanwords, but it contrasts with/ɓ/
[d] and[z] are not phonemic and appear only asallophones of/dʒ/, which appears only in loanwords.

Orthography

[edit]

Vowels

[edit]

a –[a/ɐ]
e –[ɛ/e]
i –[i/ɪ]
o –[o/ɔ]
u –[ɯ/u]

Consonants

[edit]

b –[ɓ/ʔɓ/ʔb/β]
b̠ –[b]
c –[t͡ʃ]
d –[ɗ̪]
d̠ –[d/d͡ʒ/z]
g –[g/ɠ/ʔɠ/ɣ]
h –[h/ɸ]
j –[d͡ʒ]
k –[k/c]
l –[l̪]
m –[m]
mb –[mb]
mp –[mp]
n –[n]
nd –[n̪d̪]
ns –[n̪s̪]
nt –[n̪t̪]
ng –[ŋ]
ngg –[ŋɡ]
ngk –[ŋk]
nj –[n̪d̪]
p –[p]
r –[r]
s –[s]
t –[t̪]
w –[w]
' –[ʔ]

^[4]

Grammar

[edit]

Nouns

[edit]

Tukang Besi does not have grammatical gender or number. It is anergative–absolutive language.

Verbs

[edit]

Tukang Besi has an inflectional future tense, which is indicated with a prefix, but no past tense.

Word order

[edit]

Tukang Besi usesverb–object–subject word order, which is also used byFijian. Like many Austronesian languages, it has prepositions, but places adjectives, genitives, and determiners after nouns. Yes–no questions are indicated by a particle at the end of the sentence.^[5]

References

[edit]

^Tukang Besi North atEthnologue (18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
Tukang Besi South atEthnologue (18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
^Donohue, Mark (1996). "Some trade languages of insular South-East Asia and Irian Jaya". In Wurm, Stephen A.; Mühlhäusler, Peter; Tryon, Darrell T. (eds.).Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 713–716.
^^a ^bDonohue, Mark (1999). "Tukang Besi".Handbook of the International Phonetic Association. Cambridge University Press. pp. 151–53.ISBN 0-521-65236-7.
^"Tukang Besi language".Omniglot. Retrieved30 November 2021.
^Dryer, Matthew S.; Haspelmath, Martin (2013)."Language Tukang Besi".The World Atlas of Linguistic Structures Online. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Retrieved27 February 2021.

Donohue, Mark (1995).The Tukang Besi Language of Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia (Ph.D. thesis). The Australian National University.doi:10.25911/5D70F30ACBE63.hdl:1885/136142.
Donohue, Mark (1999).A Grammar of Tukang Besi. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.ISBN 9783110805543.
Donohue, Mark (2000). "Tukang Besi dialectology". In Grimes, C.E. (ed.).Spices from the East: Papers in languages of Eastern Indonesia. Pacific Linguistics No. 503. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 55–72.doi:10.15144/PL-503.55.hdl:1885/146101.

Kaili–Wolio *

* indicates proposed status
? indicates classification dispute
† indicatesextinct status

Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian languages

Malayo-Sumbawan

Sundanese

Sundanese (Bantenese,Baduy)

Madurese

Malayo-Chamic

Chamic	Acehnese Cham dialects Chru Haroi Jarai Rade Roglai Tsat (Utsat)
Malayic	Bamayo Banjar Brunei/Kedayan Malay Berau Malay Bangka Malay Bengkulu Col Duano' Haji Iban Jambi Malay Jakun Kedah Malay Kutai Malay Kaur Kerinci Kelantan-Pattani Malay (Yawi) Kendayan Keninjal Kubu Orang Laut Lubu Malay (Malaysian &Indonesian) Minangkabau Musi Mualang Orang Kanaq Orang Seletar Pahang Malay Pekal Perak Malay Remun Sarawak Malay Seberuang Temuan Terengganu Malay Urak Lawoi'
Bali–Sasak	Balinese Sasak Sumbawa

Northwest Sumatra–
Barrier Islands

Batak	Alas Batak Angkola Batak Dairi Batak Karo Batak Simalungun Batak Toba Mandailing

Lampungic

Lampung Api
Lampung Nyo
Komering

Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian
(over 700 languages)

Eastern Malayo-Polynesian groups	South Halmahera–West New Guinea Oceanic languages
Central Malayo-Polynesianlinkages	Aru Central Maluku Kei-Tanimbar Kowiai Selaru Sumba–Flores Teor–Kur Timoric West Damar

Unclassified

Languages of Indonesia

Western Malayo-Polynesian languages

Official language

Indonesian
- Slang

Malayo-Sumbawan

Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa	Balinese Bali Aga Lombok Nusa Penida Sasak Sumbawa
Chamic	Acehnese Daya South
Ibanic	Iban Mualang Seberuang Keninjal
Madurese	Bangkalan Bawean Kangean Pendalungan Banyuwangi Lumajang Pasuruan Situbondo Sapudi Sumenep
Malayic	Akit Ampenan Malay Anambas–Natuna Malay Asahan Malay Bangka Malay Banjarese Hulu Kuala Samarinda Batubara Malay Belitung Malay Bengkayang Malay Berau Malay Bilah Malay Bonai Bukit Deli Malay Medan Duano' Haji Jambi Malay Kuala Tungkal Jaring Halus Malay Kapuas Hulu Malay Kendayan Kerinci Kotapinang Malay Kotawaringin Malay Kualuh Malay Kubu Kutainese Kota Bangun Tenggarong Landak Malay Langkat Malay Lom Loncong Lubu Malayic Dayak Arut Bamayo Banana' Belantikan Delang Gerunggang Ketapang/Kayong Lamandau Mentebah-Suruk Pesaguan Hulu Pesaguan Kiri Riam Semitau Suhaid Sukamara Tamuan-Tomun Tapitn Melawi Malay Mempawah Malay Musi Belide Col/Lembak Lematang Musi Palembang Pegagan Penesak Penukal Rawas Minangkabau Jamee Kampar Kuantan Mukomuko Pesisir Rao Tapan Ulu Muara Sipongi Orang Laut Barok Galang Mantang Palu Malay Panai Malay Petalangan Pontianak Malay Riau Malay Pangaraian Riau Coastal Rokan Hilir Siak Tembilahan Sakai Sambas Malay Sanggau Malay Sekadau Malay Serdang Malay Sintang Malay Sokop South Barisan Malay Benakat Bengkulu Besemah Enim Lematang Ulu Lintang Kaur Ogan Pekal Rambang Semende Serawai Talang Mamak Tamiang Malay Tolitoli Malay
Sundanese	Baduy Banten Brebes Cirebon Northern Coast Bekasi Priangan

Javanese

Celebic

Lampungic

Northwest Sumatra–
Barrier Islands

Central Philippine	Tausug
Gorontalo-Mongondow	Bintauna Bolango Buol Gorontaloan Polahi Kaidipang Lolak Mongondow Ponosakan Suwawa
Minahasan	Tombulu Tondano Tonsawang Tonsea Tontemboan
Sangiric	Bantik Ratahan Sangir Talaud Miangas

Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages

Aru	Barakai Batuley Dobel Karey Koba Kola-Kompane Lola Lorang Manombai Mariri Tarangan Ujir
Central Maluku	Alune Amahai Ambelau Asilulu Banda Bati Benggoi Boano Bobot Buru Geser Haruku Hulaliu Kailolo Pelauw Rohomoni-Kabauw Hitu Hoti † Huaulu Hukumina † Hulung † Kaibobo Kamarian † Kayeli Kowiai Laha Larike-Wakasihu Latu Liana-Seti Lisabata-Nuniali Lisela Loun † Luhu † Mangole Manipa Manusela Masiwang Naka'ela Nuaulu Nusa Laut † Paulohi Salas Saleman Saparua Seit-Kaitetu Sepa-Teluti Sula Taliabo Teor-Kur Tulehu Watubela Wemale Yalahatan
Flores–Lembata	Alorese Kedang Lamaholot Adonara Ile Ape Lamalera Lamatuka Levuka Lewo Eleng Lewotobi South Lembata West Lembata Sika
Halmahera- Cenderawasih	Ambai Ambel Ansus Arguni As Batta Bedoanas Biak Biga Buli Busami Dusner Erokwanas Gane Irarutu Iresim Kuri Kurudu Maba Maden Matbat Ma'ya Munggui Marau Meoswar Mor Papuma Patani Pom Roon Sawai Serui-Laut Taba Tandia † Wabo Wamesa Wandamen Waropen Woi Yaur Yeretuar Yeresiam
Kei-Tanimbar	Fordata Kei Onin Sekar Uruangnirin Yamdena
Micronesian	Mapia †
Selaru	Selaru Seluwasan
Sumba–Flores	Anakalangu Baliledo Bima Donggo Dhao Ende Gaura Hawu Kambera Kéo Kodi Komodo Lamboya Lio Mamboru Manggarai Nage Ngadha Palu'e Pondok Rajong Rembong Riung Rongga So'a Kepo' Wae Rana Wanukaka Wejewa
Timor–Babar	Amarasi Bekais Bilba Dai Dawera-Daweloor Dela-Oenale Dengka East Damar Emplawas Galoli Helong Imroing Kemak Kisar Leti Lole Luang Masela Nila North Babar Ringgou Romang Serili Serua Southeast Babar Tela'a Termanu Tetum Te'un Tii Uab Meto West Damar Welaun Wetar
Western Oceanic	Anus Bonggo Kayupulau Liki Masimasi Ormu Podena Kaptiau Sobei Tarpia Tobati Wakde Yamna

Papuan languages

North Halmahera	Galela Gamkonora Kao Loloda Modole Pagu Sahu Tabaru Ternate Tidore Tobelo Togutil Waioli West Makian
Timor–Alor–Pantar	Abui Adang Blagar Bunak Kaera Kafoa Kamang Klon Kui Kula Nedebang Oirata Retta Sawila Teiwa Wersing Western Pantar Woisika
Asmat–Mombum	Buruwai Casuarina Coast Asmat Central Asmat North Asmat Citak Mombum Kamberau Kamoro Koneraw Sempan
West Bird's Head	Kalabra Kuwani Moi Moraid Seget Tehit
South Bird's Head	Arandai Dombano Duriankari † Inanwatan Kaburi Kais Kemberano Kokoda Konda Kovojab Puragi Yahadian
East Bird's Head	Hatam Mansim Meyah Moskona Sougb
West Bomberai	Baham Iha Karas
Dani	Grand Valley Dani Hupla Nduga Nggem Silimo Walak Wano Western Dani Yali
Paniai Lakes	Auye Dao Ekari Moni Wolani
Digul River	Aghu Awbono Bayono Densar Edera Jair Kombai Komyandaret Korowai Mandobo Pisa Sawi Shiaxa Tsaukambo Wambon
Foja Range	Airoran Bagusa Berik Betaf Bonerif Dabe Dineor Edwas Gresi Isirawa Itik Kapori Kauwera Keijar Kemtuik Kwerba Kwerba Mamberamo Kwesten Kwinsu Mander Massep Mawes † Mekwei Mlap Namblong Nimboran Orya Sause Oksapmin Samarokena Trimuris Vitou
Lakes Plain	Awera Biritai Doutai Duvle Eritai Fayu Foau Iau Kaiy Keuw Kirikiri Kwerisa Obokuitai Papasena Rasawa Sikaritai Tause Taworta Waritai
East Cenderawasih Bay	Baropasi Bauzi Burate Demisa Kofei Nisa-Anasi Sauri Tefaro Tunggare Woria
Yawa	Saweru Yawa
Demta–Sentani	Demta Nafri Sentani Tabla
Ok	Burumakok Faiwol Iwur Kopka Muyu Nakai Ngalum Ninggerum Tangko Tifal Yonggom
Momuna–Mek	Eipo Goliath Ketengban Kosarek Korupun Nalca Nipsan Somahai
Skou	Sangke Skou Wutung
South Pauwasi	Biksi-Yetfa Kembra Kimki Lepki Murkim
East Pauwasi	Emem Zorop
West Pauwasi	Namla Tebi Tofanma Towei Usku
Kaure–Kosare	Kaure Kosare
Marind–Yaqai	Bipim Marind Yaqay
Bulaka River	Maklew Yelmek
Kayagar	Atohwaim Kayagar Tamagario
Border	Awyi Elseng Taikat Manem Sowanda Viid Waris
Senagi	Dera
Mairasi	Mairasi Mer Semimi
Kolopom	Kimaghama Morori Ndom Riantana
Yam	Ngkolmpu Kanum Rema Smerki Tamer Yei
Lower Mamberamo	Warembori Yoke
Unclassfied or language isolates	Abinomn Abun Amung Burmeso Dem Kanum Maklew Maybrat Molof Momina Mor Mpur Pyu Saponi † Sumuri Tambora † Uhunduni

Other languages

Creoles andPidgins

Malay-based creoles	Alor Malay Ambonese Malay Aru Tenggara Jauh Banda Malay Balinese Malay Betawi Gorap Gorontalo Malay Kupang Malay Larantuka Malay Manado Malay Makassar Malay Maumere Malay North Moluccan Malay Sula Ternate Orang Pulo Papuan Malay Northwest Serui Peranakan Surabayan
Other creoles and pidgins	Bidau Creole Portuguese † Flores Creole Portuguese † Javindo Mardijker † Petjo Pidgin Iha Pidgin Onin Pidgin Tukang Besi Portugis † Tansi Tiong Pa

Immigrant languages

Chinese	Cantonese Fuqing Fuzhounese Hainanese Hakka Acehnese Bangka-Belitung Pontianak Singkawang Haklau Hokkien Bagan Batam Medan Hinghwa Mandarin Indonesian Siantar Teochew Batam Jambi Ketapang Pontianak
European	Dutch Indonesian Dutch English Portuguese
Indian	Bengali Gujarati Odia Pali Punjabi Sanskrit Sindhi Tamil Telugu Urdu
Middle Eastern	Arabic Indonesian Arabic Hadhrami Arabic Modern Standard Arabic
Others	Tagalog Filipino Japanese Korean