Tudor Revival architecture, also known asmock Tudor in the UK, first manifested in domestic architecture in the United Kingdom in the latter half of the 19th century. Based on revival of aspects that were perceived asTudor architecture, in reality it usually took the style of Englishvernacular architecture of the Middle Ages that had survived into theTudor period.[1]
The style later became an influence elsewhere, especially the British colonies. For example, inNew Zealand, the architectFrancis Petre adapted the style for the local climate. InSingapore, then a British colony, architects such asRegent Alfred John Bidwell pioneered what became known as theBlack and White House. The earliest examples of the style originate with the works of such eminent architects asNorman Shaw andGeorge Devey, in what at the time was considered Neo-Tudor design.
Tudorbethan is a subset of Tudor Revival architecture that eliminated some of the more complex aspects ofJacobethan in favour of more domestic styles of "Merrie England", which were cosier and quaint. It was associated with theArts and Crafts movement.
Today, the term 'Tudor architecture' usually refers to buildings constructed during the reigns of the first fourTudor monarchs, between about 1485 and 1560, perhaps best exemplified by the oldest parts ofHampton Court Palace. The historianMalcolm Airs, in his studyThe Tudor and Jacobean Country House: A Building History, considers the replacement of the private castle by the country house as "the seat of power and the centre of hospitality" to be "one of the great achievements of the Tudor age".[2] Subsequent changes in court fashion saw the emergence ofElizabethan architecture among the elite, who built what are now calledprodigy houses in a distinctive version ofRenaissance architecture.[3] Elizabeth I herself built almost nothing,[4] her father having left over 50 palaces and houses.[5] Outside court circles styles were much more slow-moving, and essentially "Tudor" buildings continued to be built, eventually merging into a general English vernacular style.
When the style was revived, the emphasis was typically on the simple, rustic, and the less impressive aspects of Tudor architecture, imitating in this way medieval houses and rural cottages. Although the style follows these more modest characteristics, items such as steeplypitched-roofs,half-timbering often infilled withherringbonebrickwork, tallmullioned windows, highchimneys,jettied (overhanging) first floors abovepillared porches,dormer windows supported byconsoles, and even at timesthatched roofs, gave Tudor Revival its more striking effects.[6]
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Although the Gothic style remained popular in Britain well into theRenaissance andBaroque periods, by the end of the 16th century, it had subsided completely in the wake ofclassicism. While domestic and palace architecture changed rapidly according to contemporary taste, few notable churches were constructed after theReformation; instead, old gothic buildings were retained and adapted to Protestant use. In contexts where conservatism and traditionalism had great value (e.g., within theChurch of England and at the Universities ofOxford andCambridge) building additions and annexes were often designed to blend or harmonize rather than contrast with the archaic style of the older work.Christopher Wren's steeple ofSt Dunstan-in-the-East (London,1668–71) andTom Tower atChrist Church, Oxford (1681–82), andNicholas Hawksmoor'sCodrington Library and Front Quad atAll Souls College, Oxford (1751) are the most notable examples of "Gothic survival" in the Baroque period.[a][8]
As the last and most recent phase of the Gothic period, the Tudor style had the most secular survivals in 17th and 18th-century England; many older buildings were rebuilt, added to, or redecorated with ornament in the Tudor period. As such, the Tudor style had perhaps an over-sized influence on the image formed by theGeorgians of their medieval past. Before the various phases of medieval architecture had been well identified and studied, and designers such asA.W.N. Pugin andGeorge Gilbert Scott had advocated for the use of theDecorated gothic rather than the perpendicular, Tudor elements figured heavily in the early examples of theGothic Revival.[9]Horace Walpole'sStrawberry Hill House at Twickenham (1749–76; designed in collaboration withRichard Bentley, John Chute, andJames Essex) features elements derived from late gothic precedents.
In the group of nine cottages atBlaise Hamlet, built around 1810–1811 by aBristol banker for his retired employees,John Nash demonstrated a remarkably forward-looking selective appropriation of Tudorvernacular architecture such as fancy twisted brick chimney-stacks to make picturesque and comfortable middle-class homes.[10] Several have thatched roofs, some at two levels in a completely unnecessary but very picturesque way. Nash published an illustrated book on the group;[b] this was a formula with a future.[12] In contrast with Nash'sBlaise Hamlet,Dalmeny House near Edinburgh, built in 1817 forArchibald Primrose, 4th Earl of Rosebery, is a largestately home in a revival of the early Tudor palace style, drawing in particular fromEast Barsham Manor inNorfolk, builtc. 1520.[c][14] At this time the style was known as "Old English", and considered especially appropriate for vicarages and rectories, partly because they were usually next to the church, which was likely to be Gothic, and because the larger windows patrons wanted were easier to work into the style than into a "pointed" Gothic. At this stage it was essentially a style for the country rather than houses in towns. Tudor style was "almost infinitely adaptable, particularly to low, spreading houses",[15] After about 1850 "Old English" came to mean a rather different style based on vernacular architecture, although some Tudor features such as tall brick chimneys often remained.[16]
Examples of the Tudor orPerpendicular Gothic period also influenced new institutional buildings beginning in the 1820s. The architect of Dalmeny,William Wilkins, followed the precedent of Wren and Hawksmoor in designing new quads for various Cambridge colleges in a historic mode includingNew Court, Corpus Christi College, Cambridge (1822–27);Front Court, King's College, Cambridge (1824–28); andNew Court, Trinity College, Cambridge (1825). In a similar vein,Henry Hutchinson &Thomas Rickman contributed theNew Court andBridge of Sighs at St. John's College, Cambridge (1826–31).St. Luke's, Chelsea byJames Savage (1824) is one of the finest early revivalist church buildings in England and shows the influence ofPerpendicular Gothic design.
In the early part of the 20th century, one of the exponents who developed the style further wasEdwin Lutyens (1864–1944). At The Deanery in Berkshire, 1899, (right), where the client was the editor of the influential magazineCountry Life,[17] details like theopenwork brick balustrade, the many-panedoriel window and facetted staircase tower, the shadowed windows under the eaves, or the prominent clustered chimneys were conventional Tudor Revival borrowings, some of which Lutyens was to remake in his own style, that already predominates in the dark recessed entryway, the confident massing, and his signature semi-circular terrace steps. This is Tudorbethan at its best, free in ground plan, stripped of cuteness, yet warmly vernacular in effect, familiar though new, eminently liveable. The Deanery was another example of the "naturalistic" approach; an anonymous reviewer forCountry Life in 1903 wrote; "So naturally has the house been planned that it seems to have grown out of the landscape rather than to have been fitted into it".[18] An example of Tudorbethan architecture was that seen atGreaves Hall, which was built in 1900 as a mansion house for the Scarisbrick family. Many of the features of the original building could still be seen until it was demolished in 2009.[19]
Later cameMackay Hugh Baillie Scott (1865–1945) andBlair Imrie who made their names as Tudor style architects. Lutyens though took the style away from what is generally understood as Tudor Revival creating a further highly personalised style of his own. His buildings coupled with their often accompanying gardens byGertrude Jekyll, while in a style thought of as "olde world" would not be recognisable to inhabitants of the 16th century. Another noted practitioner wasGeorge A. Crawley. A decorator and designer, rather than an architect, Crawley greatly expanded the original medievalhall house,Crowhurst Place inSurrey, firstly for himself and latterly forConsuelo Vanderbilt.[20] The result, "remarkable in its own right",[21] saw Crawley add extensions, chimneys, gables,linenfold panelling and large amounts of half-timbering.[22]Martin Conway, writing inCountry Life, considered Crawley's reconstruction gave the remains of the original manor, "a beauty far greater than was ever theirs in the days of its newness".[23]Ian Nairn,Nikolaus Pevsner andBridget Cherry, in the 1971 revisedSurreyPevsner Buildings of England, note the sense ofescapism which inspired much of the Tudor Revival, calling Crowhurst, "an extreme example of the English flight from reality around the1914–18 war".[21]
Following the First World War many London outer suburbs had developments of houses in the style, all reflecting the taste for nostalgia for rural values.[25] In the first half of the 20th century, increasingly minimal "Tudor" references for "instant" atmosphere in speculative construction cheapened the style. The writerOlive Cook had this debased approach firmly in her sights when she attacked, "the rash of semi-detached villas, bedizened with Tudor gables, mock half-timber work, rough cast and bay windows of every shape which disfigures the outskirts of all our towns".[25] It was also copied in many areas of the world, including the United States and Canada. New York City suburbs such asWestchester County, New York andEnglewood andTeaneck, New Jersey feature particularly dense concentrations of Tudor Revival construction from this period.[26]
Brewery companies designed "improved"pubs, some in a mock Tudor style called Brewer's Tudor.[27] The style was captured inJohn Betjeman's 1937 poemSlough, where "bald young clerks" gather:
And talk of sport and makes of cars
In various bogus-Tudor bars
And daren't look up and see the stars.[28]
The late 20th century has seen a change in the faithfulness of emulation of the style, since in a modern development it is common to have only a few basic floor plans for buildings, these combined with variations in interior surface treatment and in the exterior in rooflines and setbacks to provide a visual variety to the street view. Owing to the smaller lots employed in modern developments (especially in theWestern US), Tudor Revival may be placed directly next to an unrelated style such as French or Italian Provincial, resulting in an eclectic mix. The style has also been deployed for commercial developments; the architectural historianAnthony Quiney describes the Broadway Centre in the London borough ofEaling, "dressed out with brick and tile, arches, gables and small window panes, all to put a smile on a friendly face - the mask of tradition".[29]
Many British builders include variations on Tudorbethan in the range of styles they draw on, and the style tends to be associated withpastiche.Architects are rarely requested to work in the style, and though currentpostmodern architecture includes a much wider range of styles than themodernism associated with the mid-20th century, few architects are known for buildings which could be called "Tudorbethan".
In modern structures, usually on estates of private houses, a half-timbered appearance is obtained by applied decorative features over the "real" structure, typically wood stud framing or concrete block masonry. A combination of boards andstucco is applied to obtain the desired appearance, here seen in the image to the right.[30] To minimise maintenance, the "boards" are now commonly made ofuPVC faux wood, plastic orfibre reinforced cement siding with a dark brown or wood effect finish.[31] In the United States, the style is often further modified by painting the timbers colors such as blue or green. The Tudor Revival style was most popular for new American homes in the 1970s and 1980s. Today, it is rarely considered for residential construction in that country asItalian,Mediterranean, andFrench villa style homes have superseded them in popularity.[32]
The Tudor Revival style was a reaction to the ornateVictorianGothic Revival of the second half of the 19th century. Rejecting mass production that was introduced by industry at that time, theArts and Crafts movement, closely related to Tudorbethan, drew on simple design inherent in aspects of its more ancient styles,Tudor,Elizabethan andJacobean.[33]
The Tudor style made one of its first appearances in Britain in the late 1860s atCragside, a hilltop mansion of eclectic architectural styles that incorporated certain Tudor features; Cragside was designed by the architectNorman Shaw. Shaw sketched out the whole design for the "future fairy palace" in a single afternoon, while his clientLord Armstrong and his guests were out on a shooting party.[34]Pevsner noted its derivation from "the Tudor style, both in its stone and its black-and-white versions".[35] The half-timbering has been criticised as unfaithful to thevernacular tradition of the North-East of England,[35] but the architectural historianMark Girouard explained Shaw's picturesque motivation; desiring it for "romantic effect, he reached out for it like an artist reaching out for a tube of colour".[36]
At approximately the same time, Shaw also designedLeyswood nearWithyham inEast Sussex,[37] which was a large mansion around a courtyard, complete with mock battlements, towers, half-timbered upper facades and tall chimneys – all features quite readily associated with Tudor architecture; in Shaw's hands, this less fantastical style achieved immediate maturity.[38] Confusingly, it was then promptly named "Queen Anne style", when in reality it combined a revival of Elizabethan and Jacobean design details including mullioned and oriel windows. The style later began to incorporate the classic pre-Georgian features that are generally understood to represent"Queen Anne" in Britain. The term "Queen Anne" for this style of architecture is nowthe only common U.S. style. While in Britain the style remained closer to its Tudor roots, in the U.S., it evolved into a form of architecture not instantly recognisable as that constructed in either the Tudor or Queen Anne period.[39]
The style was also utilised for public buildings; an early example was theGreat Hall andLibrary atLincoln's Inn in central London, built in the late 1840s.[40][41] The architect wasPhilip Hardwick, better known for the classicalEuston Arch.[42] The historian Michael Hall considers the hall and library among "the finest Tudor Revival buildings (of) the nineteenth century.[43]
Tudorbethan represents a subset of Tudor Revival architecture; the word is modelled onJohn Betjeman's 1933 coinage of the "Jacobethan" style, which he used to describe the grand mixed revival style ofcirca 1835–1885 that had been called things like "Free English Renaissance". This was generally modelled on the grandprodigy houses built by the courtiers ofElizabeth I and James VI. "Tudorbethan" took it a step further, eliminated the hexagonal or many-faceted towers and mock battlements of Jacobethan, and applied the more domestic styles of "Merrie England", which were cosier and quaint. It was associated with theArts and Crafts movement. Outside North America,Tudorbethan is also used synonymously withTudor Revival andmock Tudor.[44]
From the 1880s onward, Tudor Revival concentrated more on the simple but quaintlypicturesque Elizabethan cottage, rather than the brick and battlemented splendours ofHampton Court orCompton Wynyates. Large and small houses alike with half-timbering in their upper storeys and gables were completed with tall ornamental chimneys, in what was originally a simple cottage style. It was here that the influences of thearts and crafts movement became apparent.
Tudor Revival houses are dissimilar to thetimber-framed structures of the originals, in which the frame supported the whole weight of the house. Their modern counterparts consist ofbricks or blocks of various materials, stucco, or even simple studwall framing, with a lookalike "frame" of thin boards added on the outside to mimic the earlier functional and structural weight-bearing heavy timbers. An example of this is the "simple cottage" style ofAscott House in Buckinghamshire. This was designed by Devey for theRothschild family, who were among the earliest patrons and promoters of this style.[45]Simon Jenkins suggests that Ascott, "a half-timbered, heavily gabled, overgrown cottage, proves the appeal of Tudor to every era and condition of England".[46] Devey's work at St Alban's Court and elsewhere incorporated other features of the Tudor Revival style such as "hung tiles and patterned brickwork".[47] At St Alban's he also made use ofrag-stonefootings to create the impression of a Tudor mansion built "on the stone of medieval foundations".[48]
Some more enlightened landlords at this time became more aware of the needs for proper sanitation and housing for their employees, and someestate villages were rebuilt to resemble what was thought to be an idyllic Elizabethan village, often grouped around avillage green and pond;Mentmore inBuckinghamshire is an example of this, Pevsner noting the "Arts-and-Crafts (and)cottage orné" building styles.[49] The Tudor Revival, though, now concentrated on the picturesque. This combined with a desire for "naturalness", an intention to make buildings appear as if they had developed organically over the centuries, which the architectural historianJames Stevens Curl considered "one of the most significant of English contributions to architecture".[50] An example is the "Tudor Village" constructed by Frank Loughborough Pearson for his clientWilliam Waldorf Astor atHever Castle in Kent. Pearson went to considerable lengths to source genuine Elizabethan building materials for the cottages, including stone, tiles and bricks,[51] leading Astor to comment; "I could not believe they had been built a few short months ago, they looked so old and crooked".[52]
A very well-known example of the idealised half-timbered style isLiberty & Co. department store inLondon, which was built in the style of a vast half-timbered Tudor mansion. The store specialised, among other goods, in fabrics and furnishings by the leading designers of the Arts and Crafts movement.[d][53]
The interiors of the Tudor style building have evolved considerably along with the style, often becoming truer to the replicated era than were the first examples of the revival style, where the style "rarely went far indoors".[54] At Ascott House, Devey's great masterpiece constructed throughout the last twenty years of the 19th century, the interior was remodelled thirty years later. The Tudor Revival style was considered passé and was replaced by the fashionableCurzon Street Baroque sweeping away theinglenook fireplaces and heavy oak panelling.[e][60] the large airy rooms are in fact more redolent of the 18th century than the 16th. Cragside is slightly more true to its theme, although the rooms are very large, some contain Tudor stylepanelling, and the dining room contains are monumental inglenook, but this is more in the style ofItalian Renaissance meetsCamelot than Tudor. While in the cottages atMentmore the interiors are no different from those of any lowermiddle-class Victorian small household. An example of a Tudor Revival house where the exterior and interior were treated with equal care is Old Place,Lindfield, West Sussex. The property, comprising an original house of c.1590, was developed by the stained glass designerCharles Eamer Kempe from the 1870s. The architectGeorge Frederick Bodley described the rooms as "a series of pictures" and an article inCountry Life asking whether "anything could be more English in character than Old Place", was written when much of the house was barely 10 years old.[61]
In some of the larger Tudor style houses the Tudorgreat hall would be suggested by the reception hall, often furnished as a sitting or dining room. Large woodenstaircases of several flights were often prominently positioned, based on Jacobean prototypes. It is this mingling of styles that has led to the termJacobethan which resulted in houses such asHarlaxton Manor which bore little if any resemblance to a building from either period. Hall notes the influence ofBurghley House andWollaton Hall, "fused with ideas drawn from Continental architecture of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries".[62]
More often it is in the Tudor style houses of the very early 20th century that a greater devotion to the Tudor period is found, with appropriate interior layout, albeit coupled with modern-day comforts. This can be seen in older upscale neighbourhoods where the lots are sufficiently large to allow the house to have an individual presence, despite variations in the style of neighboring houses. Whether of older or recent origin, the appearance of solid beams and half-timbered exterior walls is only superficial. Artificially aged and blackened beams are constructed from light wood, bear no loads, and are attached to ceilings and walls purely for decoration, while artificial flames leap from wrought iron fire-dogs in an inglenook often a third of the size of the room in which they are situated. Occasionally, owners sought to replicate more closely the conditions of Tudor living; an example werethe Moynes atBaliffscourt inWest Sussex, a house whichClive Aslet describes as "the most extreme - and most successful - of all Tudor taste country houses".[63] Lord Moyne's wife, Evelyn, a society hostess, employed the amateur architect Amyas Philips to create a house inspired by the medieval Baliffscourt Chapel which stood on the site. Thecloister-like design required visitors to leave the house and access their bedrooms via external staircases.Chips Channon, the diarist and politician described the bedrooms themselves as "decorated to resemble the cell of a rather 'pansy' monk".[64] The novelistE. F. Benson satirised the style in his bookQueen Lucia; "the famous smoking-parlour, with rushes on the floor, a dresser ranged withpewter tankards, and leaded lattice-windows of glass so antique that it was practically impossible to see out of them...sconces on the walls held dim iron lamps, so that only those of the most acute vision were able to read".[65]
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