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Thetudong (Malay:tudung,Jawi:تودوڠ) is a style of headscarf, worn as interpretation of theIslamichijab, prevalent amongst many Muslim women in theMalay-speaking world;Indonesia,Brunei,Malaysia, andSingapore. Today, the tudong forms part of the standarddress code for many offices in Indonesia and Malaysia, as well as in school uniforms and formal occasions. Though initially considered a conservative form of dress, it is worn today by most moderate Muslim women in Malaysia and Indonesia.
The termtudong ortudung is aMalay/Indonesian word, literally meaning the noun "cover", which is commonly translated as "veil" or "headscarf" inEnglish. Tudong is usually used to describe the headscarf in Malaysia, while in Indonesia it is more common to call the tudong thekerudung or perhaps thejilbab. However, in recent years many speakers of Malay/Indonesian have simply began referring to the tudong/tudung/kerudung ashijab, a loanword fromArabic that reflects the growing Arabic cultural influence on the practice of Islam inSoutheast Asia.
In thePhilippines, tudong ortalukbong (Tagalog) refers to the standardhijab as worn by Muslim women. The term is interchangeable with the standard Arabic termhijab (alternatively spelledhidyab in Filipino), and usually takes the form of theheadwrap, visor-type,al-amira,khimar orniqab (face veil) types of veiling.
Another term,kombong (alternative spelling:combong), refers to an older style of headwrap hijab worn byMaranao,Iranun, andMaguindanao women with a semi-translucentshayla ormalong (sarong) worn over the chest and drawn over the kombong for prayers, or for additional veiling when out of the house or familiar areas. Tudong, talukbong or kombong are nativeAustronesian words and cognates with Malay and Indonesiantudung orkerudung for the hijab. They are commonly used in languages spoken byMuslim Filipinos orBangsamoros, including the threeDanao languages ofMaranao,Maguindanao andIranun,Kaagan, andTausug,Yakan, andSinama (Bajau). InTagalog orBisaya, the standard Arabic word ofhijab, the native termtalukbong, or the English terms of "headscarf", "veil", or "scarf" are commonly used by non-Muslims to refer to the tudong instead.
The tudong covers the hair, ears, and neck with a sewn-in curved visor, leaving only the face exposed. The tudong is typically colourful, sporting bright colours such as pinks, yellows, blues, and greens, and is of a square Arabic-style hijab shape, though the tudung is much more colourful than hijab in theMiddle East.
In both Indonesia and Malaysia a major fashion industry has blossomed around the tudong, with a wide variety of colours and styles as well as the use of buttoned raincoats such as thejilbab, longdresses, and accessories to complement the tudong. Many women also simply wear it with Western-stylejeans andT-shirts.Make-up is also commonly worn alongside the tudong.
The growth ofsocial media has allowed online tudung outlets such as Naelofa Hijab, Fareeda Tudung, SA Elegance, JelitaSARA, and Ariani to market the tudong to young Muslim women in the Malay-speaking world in an effort to remain both fashion-conscious and comply with Islamicmodesty. Many women attempt to emulate the latest tudong styles seen on celebrities in the Malay-speaking world.[1]
The tudong, despite its popularity in the Malay-speaking world, is a recent phenomenon rather than a traditional one. Its origins lie in the mid-to-late 1970s, when theIslamic revival, fuelled by the rise of “Petro-Islam” and the buildup to theIranian Revolution, began to emerge in the Middle East.
Before the 1970s, interpretations of hijab varied amongst women in Malaysia and Indonesia, the most notable form being theselendang, a patterned shawl-like scarf loosely draped around the shoulders or around the head, usually not covering the front of the hair or the ears. Before the late 1970s, the headscarf in general, even theselendang, was something that was reserved for special occasions, such as duringfunerals orkenduris. Some offices and banks would put up notices that prohibited women with headscarves because headscarves were thought to make a woman look like a criminal.[2] Wearing the headscarf was rare and often shunned; some women appeared on the front pages of newspapers for wearing it. At the time there was also resentment, most notably in Singapore, between Malay Muslims and Muslims of Arab and especially Yemeni origins, as they were viewed as exploiting Malays.[2] This resentment resulted in Malay communities shunning traditions considered “Arab” and “foreign” in nature, such as the headscarf.
The tudong emerged during the mid-to-late 1970s among reformist female Muslim university students studying in campuses in the Middle East, and also to a lesser extent in the United States, England, and Australia, as a result ofAli Shariati’s “authenticity movement” and with the emergence of modern hijab styles being worn by Iranian university students.[3] The tudong was intended to reaffirm these students’ identity as pious Muslims, to reject Western fashion in the same way that Iranian women increasingly were, and to foster a sense of solidarity among themselves. This new form of Islamic dress would begin to also appear at Southeast Asian university campuses in the 1970s and was known asdakwah fashion (fesyen dakwah).[3] After theIranian Revolution (1978-1979) took place, theIslamic revival was brought to the centre of theMuslim world. The revolution captured the imagination of not only those from the Middle East but many Malaysian Muslims, where the tudong first emerged before later arriving in Indonesia.
While it was considered a rarity for Malay women to don the tudung (headscarf) before the 1980s, it eventially arrived into mainstream public space and conscience beginning in the early 1980s after the Islamic Cultural Revolution of Iran, taking inspiration from thechador by law imposed on Iranian women. Some of the female Muslim students who decided to cover themselves from head to toe were being expelled from their universities for refusing to reveal their faces for identification. By the mid-1980s, within six years of the Iranian Revolution and the Islamic revival in Malaysia, tudong-clad women were becoming the majority in institutions of higher learning, and in the civil service.[4] By the end of the 1980s, the tudong had visibly replaced theselendang as the form of headscarf most commonly worn by women in Malaysia, spreading from university campuses to schools, workplaces and eventually to thekampongs.
By the 1990s, the tudong had also been exported to Indonesia, where it became mainstream, the result of the two countries sharing Malay-language media and Arabic oil money (known as “Petro-Islam”) funded towards Islam in the two countries.[citation needed]
Media related toTudung at Wikimedia Commons
