Central Rada Українська Центральна Рада | |
|---|---|
 Ukrainian People's Republic | |
 | |
| Type | |
| Type | |
| History | |
| Founded | 4 March 1917 (1917-03-04) |
| Disbanded | 29 April 1918 |
| Succeeded by | Constituent Assembly (proposed) Labour Congress (de facto) Verkhovna Rada (1992) |
| Leadership | |
Chairman | |
| Seats | 822 (July 1917) |
| Elections | |
Last election | April 1918 |
| Meeting place | |
 | |
| Ukrainian Club Building,Kiev | |
TheCentral Rada of Ukraine, also called theCentral Council (Ukrainian:Українська Центральна Рада,romanized: Ukrainska Tsentralna Rada), was the All-Ukrainian council that united deputies of soldiers, workers, and peasants deputies as well as few members of political, public, cultural and professional organizations of theUkrainian People's Republic.[1] After theAll-Ukrainian National Congress (19–21 April 1917), the Council became the revolutionary parliament in the interbellum lasting until theUkrainian-Soviet War.[1] Unlike with many other councils in theRussian Republic,Bolshevization of the Rada failed completely, prompting the UkrainianBolsheviks to forma rival government inKharkov.
From its beginning the council directed the Ukrainian national movement and with its fourUniversals led the country from autonomy to full sovereignty. During its brief existence from 1917 to 1918, the Central Rada, which was headed by the Ukrainian historian and ethnologistMykhailo Hrushevsky, evolved into the fundamental governing institution of the Ukrainian People's Republic and set precedents inparliamentary democracy and nationalindependence that formed the basis of an independent Ukrainian identity after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.[citation needed]
During the Soviet era, official ideology described the Central Council as acounter-revolutionary body of thebourgeoisie and petty-bourgeois nationalist parties.[2]
Among the first in Kiev who learned about the February events outcome inPetrograd was Maksym Synytskyi, director of the Rodyna Club (Family club, previously asUkrainian Club).[3] Already at night on 14 March [O.S. 1 March] 1917 Starytskyi shared information about the events withVasyl Koroliv-Staryi and later with all his acquaintances and friends from the Rodyna Club, the Society of Ukrainian Progressionists (TUP), "Chas" (Time) publishing.[3] Synytskyi's idea laid in necessity of establishment of the Ukrainian movement leadership center not to repeat the same mistakes that took place during theevents of 1905–07.[3] Already at night on March 1, there took place a gathering of only 27 members of the Society of Ukrainian Progressionists in theChykalenko's building.[3] The meeting decided not to rush with actions and conduct regular daily meetings of the society at the Rodyna Club building.[3]
Already on 16 March [O.S. 3 March] 1917 in the Rodyna Club building gathered over 100 representatives of Kiev and some provincial Ukrainian organizations where appeared the idea of establishment of the Central Council.[3] The Central Council was formed on parity foundations between separate Ukrainian organizations.[3]Dmytro Antonovych was recalling that they could not find a mutual understanding with TUP, but agreed to create provisional Central Council with a nucleus of no more than 25 members with an option to add more primarily with delegates outside of Kiev.[3] The core of the provisional Central Council consisted of five representatives from each TUP, workers, academic youth, and cooperatives as well as two representatives ofSocial-Democratic Party.[3] The main task of the provisional Central Council was to call on theAll-Ukrainian National Congress that was supposed to adopt the Central Council as a permanent Ukrainian parliament.[3]
TheUkrainian diaspora historianArkadiy Zhukovsky in his article on the Central Council inEncyclopedia of Ukraine states that the council was founded inKiev on 17 March [O.S. 4 March] 1917 at the initiative of theSociety of Ukrainian Progressionists and with the participation of various Ukrainian political parties, Ukrainian military activists, workers, religious activists, students, entrepreneurs, public and cultural organizations such as theUkrainian Science Society, theUkrainian Pedagogic Society, theSociety of Ukrainian Technicians and Agriculturists, etc. That day the Central Council informed by a telegram theRussian Provisional Government that was just created about its establishment.[citation needed]
On 20 March [O.S. 7 March] 1917 there took place elections of the Central Council leadership.[3]Mykhailo Hrushevsky was elected as the Head of the Rada, whileDmytro Doroshenko representing TUP andDmytro Antonovych representing Social-Democrats were appointed as his deputies, also there was elected a scribe (secretary) Serhiy Veselovskyi representing Society of Ukrainian Technicians and Agriculturists and a treasurer.[3] In announcement of newspaper "Visti z Ukrainskoi Tsentralnoi Rady" (Heralds from Ukrainian Central Council) of March 19 it mentioned creation of the Rada on March 7 and outlined its first institutions: Presidium (the Council chairman, two deputies, a scribe and a treasurer) and nine Commissions.[3] In March protocols of the Council is also mentioned an administration (uprava), but not indicated neither its composition, rights or functions.[3]
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Ukrainian Nation! Age bonds have fallen. The freedom has come to all the oppressed people, to all the enslaved nations of Russia. The time has come for Your will and awakening to a new, free, creative life, after more than two hundred years of sleep. For the first time, Ukrainian Nation of thirty-five million, you will be able to say for yourself who you are and how you want to live as a separate nation. From now on, in a friendly family of free peoples, you will begin to forge a better destiny for yourself with a powerful hand. The tsarist government fell, and the Provisional Government announced that it would soon convene aConstituent Assembly (Uchreditelnoe Sobranie) on the basis of universal, equal, direct and secret suffrage. From there, for the first time in the whole world, Your true voice, Your true will, will be heard in all its power. Until then, we urge you to calmly but firmly demand from the new government all the rights that naturally belong to you and that you must have. The Great Nation, you are the only master of the Ukrainian land. And in the near future the right to establish the native language in all schools, from lower to higher in the courts and all government institutions. With the same calm, but resolute, seek you, the Nation, the same right for the Ukrainian language from the pastors of the church,zemstvos and all non-governmental institutions in Ukraine. Ukrainian Nation! Peasants, workers, soldiers, townspeople, clergy and all Ukrainian intelligentsia! Keep calm: do not allow yourself any actions to ruin order of everyday life, but together, sincerely and stubbornly set yourself to work: to unite in political societies, cultural and economic unions, raise money for the Ukrainian National Fund and choose your Ukrainian people, to all positions, Get organized! Only by uniting, you can well know all your needs, resolutely declare them and create a better destiny in its own Land. Ukrainian Nation! Before You is the path to a new life. Boldly, unanimously go on that great path in the name of your happiness and the happiness of future generations of the Mother of Ukraine, create your new free life with a powerful hand. Ukrainian Central Council.Kiev, year 1917, March 9.[citation needed] | Народе Український! Впали вікові пута. Прийшла воля всьому пригніченому людові, всім поневоленим націям Росії. Настав час і Твоєї волі й пробудження до нового, вільного, творчого життя, після більш як двохсотлітнього сну. Уперше, Український тридцятипятиміліонний Народе, Ти будеш мати змогу сам за себе сказати, хто Ти і як хочеш жити, як окрема нація. З цього часу в дружній сім'ї вільних народів могутньою рукою зачнеш сам собі кувати кращу долю. Впав царський уряд, а тимчасовий оголосив, що незабаром скличе Установчі Збори (Учредительное Собраніе) на основі загального, рівного, прямого й таємного виборчого права. Звідти уперше на весь світ пролунає у всій своїй силі справжній голос Твій, справжня воля Твоя. До того ж часу ми закликаємо спокійно, але рішуче домагатися від нового уряду всіх прав, які тобі природно належать, і які Ти повинен мати. Великий Народе, сам хазяїн на Українській землі. А в найблизшім часі права на заведення рідної мови по всіх школах, од нижчих до вищих по судах і всіх урядових інституціях. З таким же спокоєм, але рішуче, домагайся, Народе, того ж права для української мови від пастирів церкви, земств і всіх неурядових інституцій на Україні. Народе Український! Селяни, робітники, салдати, городяне, духовенство і вся українська інтелігенція! Додержуйте спокій: не дозволяйте собі ніяких вчинків, що руйнують лад в житті, але разом, щиро й уперто беріться до роботи: до гуртовання в політичні товариства, культурні і економічні спілки, складайте гроші на Український Національний Фонд і вибірайте своїх українських людей, на всі місця – Організуйтесь! Тільки згуртувавшись, можна добре пізнати всі свої потреби, рішуче за них заявити і створити кращу долю на своїй Землі. Народе Український! Перед Тобою шлях до нового життя. Сміливо ж, одностайно йди на той великий шлях в ім’я щастя свого і щастя будучих поколінь Матері України, могутньою рукою твори своє нове вільне життя. Українська Центральна Рада.Київ, року 1917, березня 9.[citation needed] |
On 22 March [O.S. 9 March] 1917 the Rada published its first declaration -To the Ukrainian people - in support of theRussian Constituent Assembly. On 26 March [O.S. 13 March] 1917 Mykhailo Hrushevsky returned to Kiev from exile, but because of the accident on the train he traveled he was not able to attend the Central Council meetings right away.[5] For the first time, Hrushevsky presides over a meeting of the Central Council on 28 March [O.S. 15 March] 1917. With his return, many associated hopes for an end to contradictions and the unification of democratic forces. At the meeting it was decided to raise thenational flag over the Kiev city duma in place where used to be the Tsarist'smonogram.[5]Volodymyr Naumenko was elected a deputy chairman of the Central Council.[5] There also was a discussion about plans for the April 1 Ukrainian manifestation in Kiev.[5] Also the Central Council agitation commission was instructed to prepare in two days a draft for the All-Ukrainian National Congress.[5]
However, straight after the convocation of theAll-Ukrainian National Congress on 19–21 April [O.S. 6–8 April] 1917, the Rada transformed from a provisional organizational council into a parliament[3] that consisted of 150 members elected from the Ukrainian political parties, professional and cultural organizations and delegates from theguberniyas. During the National Congress Hrushevsky was reelected as the chairman of the Rada, while the leaders of the most popular political partiesSerhiy Yefremov andVolodymyr Vynnychenko were appointed as his deputies. As the Central Rada had a Ukrainian national-cultural outlook, it often faced opposition from Russian (both conservative and socialist) and Jewish sectors, representing urban populations.[6] The Central Rada, whilst led by the Ukrainian liberal progressives, included Ukrainian moderates, social democrats (including a small contingent of Bolsheviks) and socialist-revolutionaries.[6] On 23 April [O.S. 10 April] 1917 the Central Council General Assembly adopted the "Order to the Ukrainian Central Council" ("Nakaz") that became de facto its first bylaws.[3] According to democratic organizational principles, the higher body of the Central Council was defined its General Assembly.[3] In the "Nakaz" of April 23 it was mentioned that it "determines direction and nature of all work of the Central Council".[3] The regular meetings of General Assembly had to be convened not less often than once a month, yet in case of urgent need could be convened emergency meetings which considered valid with any number of attendees.[3] Throughout the whole period of the Central Council existence, there took place nine meetings of the General Assembly.[3]
Prior to the FirstUkrainian Universal the Central Rada was increased by 130 representatives that were delegated by the II Military Congress (June 23, 1917) and 133 members of the Peasants' Deputies Council who were elected at the I All-Ukrainian Peasants' Congress (June 15, 1917). In July 1917 Russian and Jewish parties joined the Central Rada, expanding the non-Ukrainian membership significantly.[6]
The first Central Council General Assembly took place on 21 April [O.S. 8 April] 1917, the final day of theAll-Ukrainian National Congress.[3] The meeting checked and approved the list of the Central Council members elected by the congress and formed an executive body, the Central Council Committee.[3]
The second Central Council General Assembly (5–6 May [O.S. 22–23 April] 1917) reviewed the issue ofUkrainization of military and adopted the first legal document of the Central Council, the earlier mentioned "Nakaz".[3]
The third Central Council General Assembly (20–22 May [O.S. 7–9 May] 1917) concentrated on the issue of relationships with theRussian Provisional Government and sending of a plenipotentiary delegation toPetrograd in order to resolve the issue about the right of Ukrainian people for their national territorial autonomy.[3]
The fourth Central Council General Assembly (14–16 June [O.S. 1–3 June] 1917) listened to the report ofVolodymyr Vynnychenko about the diplomatic mission of the Council's delegation toPetrograd, about denial by theRussian Provisional Government the autonomy demands.[3] The meeting adopted to appeal to Ukrainian people with a call "immediate laying of the foundations of the autonomous system in Ukraine".[3] That resolution became an important basis for the proclamation of theFirst Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council.[3]
The fifth Central Council General Assembly (2–14 July [O.S. 20 June – 1 July] 1917) approved creation of theGeneral Secretariat and its first declaration, adopted number of resolutions that concerned the Central Council reorganization by adding representatives of national minorities who lived in Ukraine.[3] The Assembly decided to convene in Kiev thecongress of peoples of Russia who were seeking a federal system of the country, amended the Central Council Committee statute by expanding its rights and number of members, discussed the course of negotiations of the Central Council leadership with theRussian Provisional Government delegation in Kiev, adopted theSecond Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council.[3]
The sixth Central Council General Assembly (18–19 August [O.S. 5–6 August] 1917) roughly discussed the situation that arose after the refusal of the Provisional Government to approve the "Statute of the Higher Authority of Ukraine" replacing it with the "Provisional Instruction to the General Secretariat of the Provisional Government".[3] At that assembly there was raised the question of convening the Ukrainian Constituent Assembly as well as condemned the initiative of the Provisional Government to carry on the State Conference on 25 August [O.S. 12 August] 1917 in Moscow.[3]
The seventh Central Council General Assembly (11–15 November [O.S. 29 October – 2 November] 1917) paid attention mainly finding a way out of the situation in the country aftertoppling down of the Provisional Government in Petrograd and thearmed incident in Kiev.[3]
The eighth Central Council General Assembly (25–30 December [O.S. 12–17 December] 1917) debated sharply on issues of peace and land, discussed the course of preparation to the Ukrainian Constituent Assembly elections.[3]
The ninth Central Council General Assembly (28 January – 7 February [O.S. 15–25 January] 1918) approved laws on land and eight-hours workday, made some changes to the law on Ukrainian Constituent Assembly elections, discussed the course ofpeace talks inBrest-Litovsk, thesituation that arose in connection with theBolshevik offensive and theArsenal January Uprising, authorized the reorganization of the Minor Council, approvedVsevolod Holubovych on the post of the Council of People's Ministers chairman.[3]
In general, the Ukrainian Central Council General Assembly was built as a parliamentary session from the very beginning copying procedures of theRussian State Duma.[3] The Ukrainian Central Council was divided by party factions that in need formed blocks.[3] They were submitting interpolations (inquiries).[3] There also existed various parliamentary commissions: some on a permanent basis, others – situationally to address any urgent need.[3] During discussions of some complicated issues, there were created conciliatory commissions.[3] As a rule, decisions were made by simple majority of votes.[3] Despite all their high powers, the general assembly appeared to be an inefficient institution.[3] About organic deficiencies of their work testifies number of documents and, in particular, the very session protocols such as outbreaks of political emotions, demagoguery and populism over a constructive policy.[3] Selected sessions were protesting in nature transforming in verbal battles of numerous party factions.[3]
TheMala Rada (also called theSmall,Little orMinor Council) was the Central Executive Committee of the Central Rada. It was created in April 1917 and consisted of 19 members: M. Hrushevsky (chairman), S. Yefremov and V. Vynnychenko as deputy chairmen, Baranovsky, Boiko, Zaporozhets, Koval, Kosiv, Connor-Vilinska, Kryzhanovsky, Mirna, Nikovsky, Odynets, Prokopovych, Stasiuk, Starytska-Cherniakhivska, Sadovsky, Chykalenko and Khrystiuk as members. The elected Chairman of theSmall Council [uk] was Hrushevsky who also held the position in addition to his role as Chairman of the Central Rada. His deputies were Vynnychenko and Yefremov.
All important matters of state were addressed at meetings of the Mala Rada in the first instance and later any legislation were to be ratified in aplenum session of the Central Rada.
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On 23 June [O.S. 10 June] 1917 the Ukrainian Central Council proclaimed at the second All-Ukrainian military congress itsFirst Universal "To the Ukrainian Nation in Ukraine and beyond its existence". It was a respond of the Ukrainian Central Council toRussian Provisional Government on its negative stance towards the Ukrainian autonomy. According with the First Universal, "without separating from the whole Russia... Ukrainian people must themself manage their lives", laws have to be adopted by the Ukrainian National Assembly. The author of the First Universal wasVolodymyr Vynnychenko. Following proclamation of the autonomy, on 28 June [O.S. 15 June] 1917 there was created the General Secretariat.
The main provisions of the First Universal:
- "From now on we will create our own lives alone". Development of Ukraine "without separating from all of Russia".
- The Ukrainian Central Council was proclaimed the highest state body in Ukraine.
- A call for the re-election of the local administration, replacing it with representatives who are committed to the Ukrainian cause.
- Invitations to national minorities to work together.
- Convening of the All-Ukrainian Constituent Assembly.
- Only the All-Ukrainian Constituent Assembly has the right to adopt laws of Ukraine.
- Introduction of a special tax on personal business.
- Recognition of the need to develop a law on the distribution of landed estates.
On 16 July [O.S. 3 July] 1917 the Ukrainian Central Council adopted its Second Universal.
Contents:
- The Central Council must be enlarged with representatives of other peoples living in Ukraine;
- The enlarged Central Council creates General Secretariat, composition of which is approved by theRussian Provisional Government;
- The Central Council begins drafting a law on autonomous establishment of Ukraine that must be approved by theRussian Constituent Assembly. Until the adoption of this law, the Ukrainian Central Council undertakes not to exercise the autonomy of Ukraine;
- The formation of the Ukrainian army is carried out under the control of theRussian Provisional Government.
The Second Universal was proclaimed at a Ukrainian Central Council session.
Following the Bolsheviks' coup-d'état (so calledOctober Revolution) in Russia, on 20 November [O.S. 7 November] 1917 the Central Council proclaimed theUkrainian People's Republic with a determined territory in federal ties with theRussian Republic. Simultaneously, the Central Council adopted a law about elections to theUkrainian Constituent Assembly and number of other laws. The Central Council was supported by the majority of population in Ukraine as it was shown at elections to theRussian Constituent Assembly on 25 November [O.S. 12 November] 1917 where Ukrainian parties received 75% of votes to Bolsheviks' mere 11%.
Since November, the Bolsheviks had already made several attempts to seize power in Ukraine (seeKiev Bolshevik Uprising). Following another failed uprising in Kiev, on December 17 the Russian Bolshevik Government (Sovnarkom) announced an ultimatum to the Ukrainian Central Council, which the Central Council rejected. Then the Bolshevik troops began an offensive in Ukraine. Convened in Kiev on December 17 the Congress of Soviets of Peasants, Soldiers, and Workers Deputies expressed their "full confidence and strong support for the Ukrainian Central Council". The Bolsheviks' Deputies were forced to move toKharkov where on December 25 they created an alternative government to the Central Council and General Secretariat, called thePeople's Secretariat. At the same time, the Central Council sent its delegation to the Peace Conference with the Central Powers inBrest-Litovsk.
The Universal proclaimed theUkrainian People's Republic, as a"separate, depended on nobody, free, sovereign state of Ukrainian people", an executive body the General Secretariat — Council of People's Ministers.
It changed the regular army with a police force; instructed to carry on elections of peoples' soviets: volosts, county, and local; established monopoly on trade; control over banks; confirmed the law on transfer of land to peasants without redemption taking as a basis the abolition ofprivate property andsocialization of land. It instructed the Council of People's Ministers to continue the started negotiations with theCentral Powers to the signing of peace; called on all citizens of theUkrainian People's Republic to fight againstBolsheviks.
Conditions of the Fourth Universal:
- The Ukrainian People's Republic is pronounced independent, free sovereign state of Ukrainian people;
- With all its neighbors the Ukrainian People's Republic seeks to live in peace and harmony;
- Power in Ukraine belongs to the people of Ukraine, the Central Council will rule on behalf of each until the Ukrainian Constituent Assembly convenes;
- The Bolsheviks' policy that leads tocivil war is subjected to harsh criticism;
- The Ukrainian Central Council commits to fight against the Bolsheviks' collaborationists in Ukraine;
- The Ukrainian Central Council commits immediately to start peace negotiations with Germany;
- The Ukrainian Central Council plans to carry on a land reform in interests of peasants;
- The State has to implement control over trade and banks.
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By the end of July 1917 the Central Rada formally had 822 deputies (according toPavlo Khrystiuk). Its members belonged to the following parties:
TheMala Rada was elected out of these 822 deputies with 58 members including 18 members of various national minorities. From the initiative of the Central Rada a congress of Russian nationalities took place in Kiev on 21–28 September 1917.
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All members of the council were proclaimed outlaws by the Soviet government of Ukraine in December 1917 as part of a national-bourgeois government. On 29 January 1918Bolshevist troops enteredKiev and declared aSoviet Coup d'etat. The Kiev garrison joined with the Soviets and deposed the Rada. TheBolsheviks establishedKharkov as the capital of theSoviets of the Ukraine.[7]
50°26′41″N30°30′49″E / 50.44472°N 30.51361°E /50.44472; 30.51361
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