Tsarskoye Selo (Russian:Ца́рское Село́,IPA:[ˈtsarskəjesʲɪˈlo]ⓘ,lit. 'Tsar's Village') was the town containing a former residence of the Russianimperial family and visiting nobility, located 24 kilometers (15 mi) south from the center ofSaint Petersburg.[1] The residence now forms part of thetown of Pushkin. Tsarskoye Selo forms one of theWorld Heritage SiteSaint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments.
The town bore the name Tsarskoye Selo until 1918. The new Bolshevik government ofSoviet Russia renamed it asDetskoye Selo (Russian:Детское Село,lit. 'Children's Village'), which it held from 1918–1937. At that time, it was renamed underStalin's government asPushkin (Russian:Пушкин) afterthe famous Russian poet and writer. It is still known by that name.
The area of Tsarskoye Selo, once part ofSwedish Ingria, first became a Russian royal/imperial residence in the early 18th century as an estate of the Empress-consort Catherine (later Empress-regnant asCatherine I,r. 1725–1727), for whom theCatherine Palace is named.[citation needed]
WhenPeter the Great took possession of the mouth of theNeva, a Finnish village, Saari-mois, stood on the site now occupied by the town, and its Russified name Sarskaya was changed into Tsarskoye when Peter presented it to his wife Catherine. It was especially embellished by the tsaritsa Elizabeth. Under Catherine II., a town, Sophia, was built close by, but its inhabitants were transferred to Tsarskoye Selo under Alexander I. The railway connecting the town with St Petersburg was the first (1838) to be constructed in Russia.[2]
TheAlexander Palace (built from 1792 onwards) was first the home ofCatherine the Great's grandson, the Grand Duke Alexander Pavlovich, who later became EmperorAlexander I (r. 1801–1825). After hisabdication,Nicholas II and his family were held there by revolutionary forces underhouse arrest until 13 August 1917.[3] People built homes in the town where they also came to live when the court was in the country.
The Royal Forestry School, perhaps the first such school in Russia, was founded in Tsarskoye Selo in 1803. It was moved toSaint Petersburg in 1811 and developed as theImperial Forestry Institute.[4]
According to historianRobert K. Massie,
"Tsarskoe Selo was a magnificent symbol, a supreme gesture, of the Russian autocracy. At the edge of the great St. Petersburg plain, fifteen miles south of the capital, a succession of Russian tsars and empresses had created an isolated, miniature world, as artificial and fantastic as a precisely ordered mechanical toy. Inside the park, monuments, obelisks and triumphal arches studded eight hundred acres of velvet green lawn. An artificial lake, big enough for small sailboats, could be emptied and filled like a bathtub. At one end of the lake stood a pink Turkish bath; not far off, a dazzling red-and-gold Chinese pagoda crowned an artificial hillock." The two palaces stood five hundred yards apart in the Imperial Park. "Outside the palace gates, Tsarskoe Selo, was an elegant provincial town..." The town included "The mansions of the aristocracy, lining the wide tree-shaded boulevard which led from the railway station to the gates of the Imperial Park..."[3]
In the decades of theSoviet Union, people applied the nickname "the Tsar's village" to the blocks and small neighborhoods in major cities that housed thenomenklatura (Soviet elites). Their stores were better stocked, although they were still affected by Soviet-era shortages. The buildings in the neighborhoods were better designed, constructed and maintained.[5]For instance, one such neighborhood, west of Moscow, contained less industry and more parks than any other neighborhood.[6]
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Tsarskoye Selo".Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 348.Under the Soviets [...] the name 'the Tsars' Village' began attaching itself to blocks and small neighborhoods that housed the Soviet elites.
The stores here were better stocked, even though they were affected by the shortages. The buildings were better designed and constructed.
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