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Troyes developed as early as theRoman era, when it was known asAugustobona Tricassium. It stood at the hub of numerous highways, primarily theVia Agrippa. The city has a rich historical past, from theTricasses tribe to the liberation of the city on 25 August 1944 during the Second World War, including theBattle of the Catalaunian Plains, the Council of Troyes, the marriage ofHenry V andCatherine of France, and theChampagne fairs to which merchants came from all over Christendom. The city has a rich architectural and urban heritage: many buildings are protected as historical monuments, including thehalf-timbered houses (mainly of the 16th century) that survived in the old town. They have contributed to Troyes being designated as a City of Art and History.
Manufacturing oftextiles, from the 18th century onwards, was a chief part of Troyes' economy until the 1960s. Today, Troyes is the European capital offactory outlets and trading, and has three brand centers.
Prehistoric evidence found in the Troyes area suggests that the settlement may have developed as early as 600 BC.Celtic grave-mounds have been found near the city, and Celtic artifacts have been excavated within the city grounds.[4]
In the Roman era, Troyes was known asAugustobona Tricassium. Numerous highways intersected here, primarily theVia Agrippa, which led north toReims and south toLangres, and eventually toMilan.[5] Other Roman routes from Troyes led toPoitiers,Autun andOrléans.[6]
It was thecivitas of theTricasses people,[7] whomAugustus separated from theSenones. Of theGallo-Roman city of the earlyRoman Empire, some scattered remains have been found, but no public monuments, other than traces of an aqueduct. By the late Empire the settlement had reduced in extent. It was referred to asTricassium orTricassae, the origin of FrenchTroyes.
From the fourth century AD, the people had become Christian and the Church made the city the seat of a bishop. The legend of its bishopLupus (Loup), who allegedly saved the city fromAttila in 451 by offering himself as hostage, ishagiographic rather than historical.[8] A disciple of Saint Lupus, Aventinus (Saint Aventin of Troyes, died 537) founded a monastery at Troyes.[9] It was several centuries before Troyes gained importance as a medieval centre of commerce.
During theMiddle Ages, Troyes functioned as an important international trading town. It was the namesake oftroy weight for gold – a standard of measurement developed here.[10] The Champagne cloth fairs and the revival of long-distance trade, together with new extension of coinage and credit, were the drivers of the medieval economy of Troyes.
In1040, Shlomo Yitzchaki, better known asRashi, was born in Troyes. The rabbi and philosopher, a prominent commentator on theBible and theTalmud, established an influential school of Jewish thought in the city.
On 21 May 1420, theTreaty of Troyes was signed in this city, still under control of the Burgundians, by which KingHenry V of England was betrothed to Catherine, daughter of Charles VI. Under the terms of the treaty, Henry V, rather than the Dauphin, was to succeed Charles as King of France. The high-water mark ofPlantagenet hegemony in France was reversed in 1429 when the Dauphin (afterwards King Charles VII) andJoan of Arc re-established French control of the town of Troyes by armed conflict (Siege of Troyes).
TheHôtel de Ville on Place Alexandre Israël, is an urbane example of thestyle Louis XIII. On the centralcorps de logis, which contains the main reception rooms, its cornice is rhythmically broken forward over paired Corinthian columns; these are supported below by strong clustered pilasters. Above the entrance door the statue ofLouis XIV was pulled out of its niche and smashed in 1793, during theReign of Terror at the height of theFrench Revolution; it was replaced in the nineteenth century with the presentHelmeted Minerva and the device in its original form. It is now rare to see"Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité, ou la Mort". In theSalle du Conseil (Council Chamber) a marble medallion of Louis XIV (1690) byFrançois Girardon, born at Troyes, survived the destruction unscathed.[14]
Saint-Nizier Church, in Gothic and Renaissance style, with remarkable sculptures. Classified as aMonument Historique (French equivalence) in 1840.
The GothicSaint-Urbain Basilica (thirteenth century), with a roofing covered by polished tiles. It was built by Jacques Pantaléon, who was elected pope in 1261, under the name ofUrbain IV, on grounds where his father had a workshop. ClassifiedMonument Historique in 1840. It was proclaimed a basilica in 1964.
Sainte-Madeleine Church. Very early Gothic, with east end rebuilt around 1500. Remarkably elaborate stone rood screen of 1508–17 in Flamboyant Gothic style, sculpted by Jean Gailde, with a statue ofSaint Martha. Fine Renaissance stained glass. Saint Jean district. ClassifiedMonument historique in 1840.
Gothic Saint-Nicolas Church, dating to the beginning of the sixteenth century, with a calvary chapel -shaped rostrum reached by a monumental staircase. On the south portal, two sculptures by François Gentil ofDavid andIsaiah.
Saint-Pantaléon Church, with extensive statuary from the sixteenth century.
Saint Remy Church, with a 14th-century spire rising to a height of 60 m (196.85 ft). A 17th-centurysundial on its south side bears the Latin inscriptionsicut umbra dies nostri super terram ("our days on earth pass like a shadow").
Church ofSaint-Martin-ès-Vignes. It has stained glass windows of the seventeenth century by the local master verrierLinard Gonthier.
Jewish worship is conducted in the Rashi Synagogue of Troyes, named in honor of Rabbi Salomon Ben Isaac, known asRashi, the famous commentator of theTalmud. The current building was constructed on the site of an old abbey from the 16th century and replaced the synagogue destroyed duringWorld War II[15][16] The building is inRenaissance style and was restored in the 20th century. It consists of ahalf-timbered house from the 16th century and another house dating from the 18th century (Louis XV style).[17] A cultural center has also been established.[18]
Recent renovations were undertaken to restore the synagogue to reflect the spirit ofRashi of Troyes' time. The inauguration took place on 4 September 2016, in the presence ofHaim Korsia, theChief Rabbi of France.[19]
The train stationGare de Troyes offers connections to Paris, Dijon, Mulhouse and several regional destinations. Troyes is at the junction of motorwaysA5 (Paris – Troyes – Langres) andA26 (Calais – Reims – Troyes).Troyes – Barberey Airport is a small regional airport. There are no services to and from the airport, the last remaining carrier, cancelled its seasonal service to Bastia in January 2013.[22] The nearest airports to Troyes areChâlons Vatry Airport, located 65 km (40 mi) north and Paris'sCharles de Gaulle Airport, located 188 km (117 mi) northwest of the town.
Troyes is the home ofassociation football clubTroyes AC, or ESTAC. In the 2020–21 Ligue 2 season, Troyes were promoted back to Ligue 1 as champions of the division.
^Ptolemy,Geography 8.13, mentions the Tricasses and their city Augustobona.
^Attwater, Donald.The Penguin Dictionary of Saints, (1945) Reprint: 1981, p. 223.
^Baudoin, Jacques (2006).Grand livre des saints: culte et iconographie en Occident (in French). Nonette: EDITIONS CREER. p. 112.ISBN9782848190419. Retrieved12 November 2023.Saint Aventin de Troyes (Aventinus, 4 février) Ermite natif de Bourges, attiré en Champagne par la réputation de saint Loup de Troyes († 479). Il avait installé à Troyes une communauté monastique. En 525, il racheta de l'esclavage Fidole (saint Phal), à qui il confia son monastère, et il se retira en ermite a l'Isle-au-Mont, ou il mourut en 537.
^Lloyd, John; Mitchison, John (2010).The Second Book of General Ignorance (First ed.). London: Faber and Faber Ltd. p. 71.ISBN978-0-571-26965-5.
^"Les anarchistes" [The anarchists].La Dépêche. 3 January 1894. p. 2.
^"Deux mille perquisitions".L'Estafette: 2. 2 January 1894.
^"Une série générale de perquisitions : résultat négatif des recherches" [A general series of raids: negative results].L'Éclair. 3 January 1894.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Troyes".Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
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