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Tropical monsoon climate

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Climate subtype in the Köppen climate classification system
Worldwide zones of tropical monsoon climate (Am).

Anarea of tropical monsoon climate (occasionally known as asub-equatorial,tropical wet climate or atropical monsoon and trade-wind littoral climate) is atropical climate subtype that corresponds to theKöppen climate classification categoryAm. Tropical monsoon climates have monthly mean temperatures above 18 °C (64 °F) in every month of the year and a dry season.[1]: 200–1  The tropical monsoon climate is the intermediate climate between the wet Af (ortropical rainforest climate) and the drier Aw (ortropical savanna climate).

A tropical monsoon climate's driest month has on average less than 60 mm, but more than100−(Total Annual Precipitation (mm)25){\textstyle 100-\left({\frac {Total\ Annual\ Precipitation\ (mm)}{25}}\right)}.[1] This is in direct contrast to atropical savanna climate, whose driest month has less than 60 mm of precipitation and also less than100−(Total Annual Precipitation (mm)25){\textstyle 100-\left({\frac {Total\ Annual\ Precipitation\ (mm)}{25}}\right)} of average monthly precipitation. In essence, a tropical monsoon climate tends to either have more rainfall than a tropical savanna climate or have less pronounced dry seasons. A tropical monsoon climate tends to vary less in temperature during a year than does a tropical savanna climate. This climate has the driest month, which nearly always occurs at or soon after the winter solstice.[1]

Varieties

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There are generally two varieties of a tropical monsoon climate:

  • Less pronounced dry seasons. Regions with this variation of the tropical monsoon climate typically see copious amounts of rain during the wet season(s), usually in the form of frequent thunderstorms. Unlike most tropical savanna climates, a sizeable amount of precipitation also falls during the dry season(s), but not quite enough for atropical rainforest classification. In essence, this version of the tropical monsoon climate generally has less pronounced dry seasons than tropical savanna climates.
  • Extraordinarily rainy wet seasons and pronounced dry seasons. This variation features pronounced dry seasons similar in length and character to dry seasons observed in tropical savanna climates. This is followed by a sustained period (or sustained periods) of extraordinary rainfall. In some instances, up to (and sometimes in excess of) 1,000 mm of precipitation is observed per month for two or more consecutive months. Tropical savanna climates generally do not see this level of sustained rainfall.

Area

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Magdalena River at Honda,Colombia.

Tropical monsoon are most commonly found inAfrica (West andCentral Africa),Asia (South andSoutheast Asia),South America andCentral America. This climate also occurs in sections of theCaribbean,North America, and northernAustralia.

Factors

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The major controlling factor over a tropical monsoon climate is its relationship to themonsoon circulation. The monsoon is a seasonal change in wind direction. In Asia, during the summer (or high-sun season) there is an onshore flow of air (air moving from ocean toward land). In the “winter” (or low-sun season) an offshore air flow (air moving from land toward water) is prevalent. The change in direction is due to the difference in the way water and land heat.

Changing pressure patterns that affect the seasonality of precipitation also occur in Africa, though it generally differs from the way it operates in Asia. During the high-sun season, theIntertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) induces rain. During the low-sun season, the subtropical high creates dry conditions. The monsoon climates of Africa, and the Americas for that matter, are typically located along trade wind coasts.

Countries and cities

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Asia

Oceania

Africa

The Americas

Select charts

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Manila, Philippines
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
19
 
 
30
24
 
 
22
 
 
31
26
 
 
22
 
 
32
25
 
 
23
 
 
34
27
 
 
159
 
 
34
27
 
 
253
 
 
33
27
 
 
432
 
 
32
26
 
 
476
 
 
31
26
 
 
396
 
 
31
26
 
 
221
 
 
31
26
 
 
120
 
 
31
25
 
 
99
 
 
30
25
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source:PAGASA
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
0.8
 
 
86
75
 
 
0.9
 
 
87
79
 
 
0.9
 
 
90
78
 
 
0.9
 
 
93
80
 
 
6.3
 
 
92
81
 
 
10
 
 
91
80
 
 
17
 
 
89
79
 
 
19
 
 
88
79
 
 
16
 
 
88
78
 
 
8.7
 
 
89
78
 
 
4.7
 
 
88
78
 
 
3.9
 
 
87
76
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches
Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
19
 
 
24
16
 
 
18
 
 
25
17
 
 
32
 
 
27
20
 
 
68
 
 
29
23
 
 
202
 
 
31
25
 
 
416
 
 
32
26
 
 
377
 
 
33
27
 
 
512
 
 
32
26
 
 
225
 
 
32
26
 
 
53
 
 
30
24
 
 
26
 
 
28
22
 
 
19
 
 
25
18
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source: Climate Data[2]
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
0.8
 
 
76
61
 
 
0.7
 
 
77
63
 
 
1.3
 
 
81
67
 
 
2.7
 
 
85
73
 
 
8
 
 
88
77
 
 
16
 
 
90
79
 
 
15
 
 
91
80
 
 
20
 
 
90
79
 
 
8.8
 
 
89
79
 
 
2.1
 
 
86
76
 
 
1
 
 
83
71
 
 
0.8
 
 
78
64
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches
Chittagong, Bangladesh
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
5
 
 
27
15
 
 
28
 
 
30
19
 
 
64
 
 
35
24
 
 
150
 
 
39
26
 
 
264
 
 
35
24
 
 
533
 
 
34
25
 
 
597
 
 
38
26
 
 
518
 
 
33
24
 
 
320
 
 
33
24
 
 
180
 
 
32
23
 
 
56
 
 
32
17
 
 
15
 
 
24
14
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source: BBC[3]
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
0.2
 
 
81
59
 
 
1.1
 
 
86
66
 
 
2.5
 
 
95
75
 
 
5.9
 
 
102
79
 
 
10
 
 
95
75
 
 
21
 
 
93
77
 
 
24
 
 
100
79
 
 
20
 
 
91
75
 
 
13
 
 
91
75
 
 
7.1
 
 
90
73
 
 
2.2
 
 
90
63
 
 
0.6
 
 
75
57
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches
Conakry, Guinea
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
1
 
 
32
19
 
 
1
 
 
33
20
 
 
3
 
 
33
21
 
 
22
 
 
34
22
 
 
137
 
 
33
21
 
 
396
 
 
32
20
 
 
1130
 
 
30
20
 
 
1104
 
 
30
21
 
 
617
 
 
31
21
 
 
295
 
 
31
20
 
 
70
 
 
32
21
 
 
8
 
 
32
20
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source: HK[4]
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
0
 
 
90
66
 
 
0
 
 
92
68
 
 
0.1
 
 
92
70
 
 
0.9
 
 
92
72
 
 
5.4
 
 
92
69
 
 
16
 
 
89
68
 
 
44
 
 
86
69
 
 
43
 
 
86
69
 
 
24
 
 
87
69
 
 
12
 
 
88
69
 
 
2.8
 
 
90
70
 
 
0.3
 
 
90
68
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches
Jakarta, Indonesia
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
363
 
 
31
24
 
 
323
 
 
31
24
 
 
191
 
 
32
25
 
 
153
 
 
32
25
 
 
110
 
 
33
25
 
 
75
 
 
33
25
 
 
66
 
 
32
24
 
 
53
 
 
33
25
 
 
61
 
 
33
25
 
 
111
 
 
33
25
 
 
124
 
 
32
25
 
 
196
 
 
31
25
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source: BMKG[5]
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
14
 
 
87
76
 
 
13
 
 
87
76
 
 
7.5
 
 
89
76
 
 
6
 
 
90
77
 
 
4.3
 
 
91
77
 
 
3
 
 
91
77
 
 
2.6
 
 
90
76
 
 
2.1
 
 
91
76
 
 
2.4
 
 
91
76
 
 
4.4
 
 
91
77
 
 
4.9
 
 
90
77
 
 
7.7
 
 
89
76
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches
Miami, Florida, US
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
51
 
 
24
15
 
 
53
 
 
25
16
 
 
61
 
 
26
18
 
 
72
 
 
28
20
 
 
158
 
 
30
22
 
 
237
 
 
31
24
 
 
145
 
 
32
25
 
 
193
 
 
32
25
 
 
194
 
 
31
24
 
 
143
 
 
29
22
 
 
68
 
 
27
19
 
 
47
 
 
25
16
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source: WMO[6]
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
2
 
 
75
59
 
 
2.1
 
 
76
60
 
 
2.4
 
 
79
64
 
 
2.9
 
 
82
68
 
 
6.2
 
 
85
72
 
 
9.3
 
 
88
75
 
 
5.7
 
 
89
76
 
 
7.6
 
 
89
77
 
 
7.6
 
 
88
76
 
 
5.6
 
 
85
72
 
 
2.7
 
 
80
67
 
 
1.8
 
 
77
62
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches

See also

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References

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  1. ^abcMcKnight, Tom L; Hess, Darrel (2000)."Climate Zones and Types".Physical Geography: A Landscape Appreciation. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.ISBN 978-0-13-020263-5.
  2. ^"Climate Kaohsiung City (Republic of China (Taiwan))".Archived from the original on 21 February 2019. Retrieved20 February 2019.
  3. ^"Average Conditions - Chittagong, Bangladesh". BBC Weather. Archived fromthe original on 11 March 2006. Retrieved25 June 2018.
  4. ^"Climatological Normals of Conakry". Hong Kong Observatory. Retrieved2014-02-12.
  5. ^"Climatological Average of Kemayoran Meteorological Station for 1981–2010" (in Indonesian). Pondok Betung Climatological Station – Indonesian Bureau of Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics.Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved19 April 2021.
  6. ^"Weather Information for Miami, Florida". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved25 June 2018.
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