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Atrophy is a tangible, decorative item used to remind of a specific achievement, serving as recognition or evidence of merit. Trophies are most commonly awarded forsporting events,[1] ranging from youth sports to professional level athletics. Additionally, trophies are presented for achievements in Academic, Arts and Entertainment, Business, Military, Professional awards, Community Service, Hunting, and Environmental accomplishments. In many contexts, especially in sports,medals (or, in North America,rings) are often given out either as the trophy or along with more traditional trophies.
Originally the word trophy, derived from the Greektropaion, referred to arms, standards, other property, or human captives and body parts (e.g.,headhunting) captured in battle. Thesewar trophies commemorated the military victories of a state, army or individual combatant. In modern warfare trophy taking is discouraged,[2] but this sense of the word is reflected inhunting trophies andhuman trophy collecting byserial killers.
Trophies have marked victories since ancient times. The wordtrophy, coined in English in 1550, was derived from the Frenchtrophée in 1513, "a prize of war", from Old Frenchtrophee, from Latintrophaeum, monument to victory, variant oftropaeum, which in turn is thelatinisation of theGreek τρόπαιον (tropaion),[3] the neuter ofτροπαῖος (tropaios), "of defeat" or "for defeat", but generally "of a turning" or "of a change",[4] from τροπή (tropē), "a turn, a change"[5] and that from the verb τρέπω (trepo), "to turn, to alter".[6][7]
In ancient Greece, trophies were made on the battlefields of victorious battles, from captured arms and standards, and were hung upon a tree or a large stake made to resemble a warrior. Often, these ancient trophies were inscribed with a story of the battle and were dedicated to various gods. Trophies made about naval victories sometimes consisted of entire ships (or what remained of them) laid out on the beach. To destroy a trophy was considered a sacrilege.[8]
The ancient Romans kept their trophies closer to home. The Romans built magnificent trophies in Rome, including columns and arches atop a foundation. Most of the stone trophies that once adorned huge stone memorials in Rome have been long since stolen.[9]
In ancient Greece, the winners of the Olympic games initially received no trophies exceptlaurel wreaths. Later the winner also received anamphora with sacred olive oil. In local games, the winners received different trophies, such as a tripod vase, a bronze shield or a silver cup.
In ancient Rome, money usually was given to winners instead of trophies.
Chalices were given to winners of sporting events at least as early as the very late 1600s in the New World. For example, theKyp Cup (made by silversmith Jesse Kyp), a small, two-handled, sterling cup in theHenry Ford Museum, was given to the winner of a horse race between two towns in New England in about 1699. Chalices, particularly, are associated with sporting events, and were traditionally made in silver. Winners of horse races, and later boating and early automobile races, were the typical recipients of these trophies. TheDavis Cup,Stanley Cup,America's Cup and numerousWorld Cups are all now famous cup-shaped trophies given to sports winners.[9]
Today, the most common trophies are much less expensive, and thus much more pervasive, thanks to mass-produced plastic/resin trophies.[citation needed]
The oldest sports trophies in the world are the Carlisle Bells, a horse racing trophy dating back to 1559 and 1599 and were first awarded by Elizabeth I. The race has been run for over 400 years inCarlisle, Cumbria, England. The bells are on show at the local museum, Tullie House, which houses a variety of historic artifacts from the area from Roman legions to present day.[10][circular reference]
Contemporary trophies often depict an aspect of the event commemorated, for example in basketball tournaments, the trophy takes the shape of a basketball player, or a basketball. Trophies have been in the past objects of use such as two-handled cups, bowls, or mugs (all usually engraved); or representations such as statues of people, animals, and architecture while displaying words, numbers or images. While trophies traditionally have been made with metal figures, wood columns, and wood bases, in recent years they have been made with plastic figures and marble bases. This is to retain the weight traditionally associated with a quality award and make them more affordable to use as recognition items. Trophies increasingly have used resin depictions.
TheAcademy Awards Oscar is a trophy with a stylized human; theHugo Award for science fiction is aspace ship; and theWimbledon awards for its singles champions are a largeloving cup for men and a large silver plate for women. Some motor races such as theMonaco Grand Prix use stylized depictions of the track layout for its trophy.
Aloving-cup trophy is a common variety of trophy; it is acup shape, usually on a pedestal, with two or more handles, and is often made fromsilver orsilver plate.[11][12]
Hunting trophies are reminders of successes from hunting animals, such as an animal's head mounted to be hung on a wall. These can be examples oftaxidermy, where the full animal is stuffed; and put out for show.
Perpetual trophies are held by the winner until the next event, when the winner must compete again in order to keep the trophy. In some competitions winners of a certain number of consecutive or non-consecutive events receive the trophy or its copy in permanent ownership. This was particularly common in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and led to the discontinuation of many trophy events when the trophy was won permanently and the event organizers could not or would not purchase a new one.
Trophies have been awarded for team, or individual accomplishments in sports. Manycombat sports, such asboxing,mixed martial arts, andprofessional wrestling use championship belts as trophies; however, unlike most of the trophies mentioned below, a new one is not created every time a new champion is crowned; rather, the new champion takes the belt from the old one.
Trophies in the sport include:
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Henri Delaunay Trophy - Awarded to the winners of theUEFA European Championship from the1960 European Nations' Cup onwards. The original trophy design was used tillUEFA Euro 2004. FromUEFA Euro 2008 onwards, the trophy design was changed to make it bigger and heavier than the original as the old trophy was overshadowed by UEFA's other trophies namely theEuropean Champion Clubs' Cup.
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Other notable trophies in the sport includes theJules Rimet Trophy. The original was stolen in Brazil in 1983 and has never been recovered. Replicas were awarded to winning nations up to the retirement of the genuine trophy. However, prior to the 1966 final,The Football Association made an (unauthorised) replica in secret in gilded bronze for use in post-match celebrations due to security concerns – the genuine trophy was made out of close to 2 kg of pure gold. This has led to several conspiracy theories regarding which trophy was stolen – the FA replica, or the real trophy. FIFA purchased the replica for £254,500 (ten times the reserve price) in 1997, with the inflated price attributed to such rumours.[13] This trophy is held on behalf of FIFA by theNational Football Museum inPreston. The current FIFA World Cup trophy inscribe the names of the teams that won the award underneath the base of the trophy.
A club that manages to win the Copa Libertadores trophy three consecutive times retain the trophy permanently. The current trophy has been used since 1975. Like the FIFA World Cup trophy, the winners of each edition of the tournament has their name inscribed on the trophy; unlike the FIFA World Cup trophy, a pedestal contains a list of winners in the form of badges. The current pedestal is the fourth in the trophy's history, having been used since 2009. The original trophy was awarded toEstudiantes de La Plata in 1970 (after their third win) – the present trophy is the third, identical edition.[14]
Until 2009, clubs that win theEuropean Champion Clubs' Cup three times in successive seasons, or five times in total, were permitted to retain the trophy in perpetuity. The present trophy has been used since 2005–06 afterLiverpool's fifth win in 2005. The original trophy was awarded toReal Madrid in 1966 (after their sixth win) — the present trophy is the sixth incarnation overall.
Four trophies have served as an award (out of five made) for the winner of the FA Cup. The first (1871–1895) was stolen inBirmingham and melted down, the second (1896–1910) was presented toLord Kinnaird and is held byDavid Gold, the chairman ofBirmingham City after private auction in 2005. The third (1910–1992) was retired after the 1992 final due to fragility and is held byThe Football Association; two exact replicas of it were made, one of which has been awarded to the winners (1993–2013), the other remains as a backup in case of damage to the primary trophy. The same design was recast and was unveiled in 2014 to be more durable.
Esports competitions often make use of large and visually dramatic trophies. Notable esports trophies include:
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TheUnited States military also issues a type of trophy which are known as "non-portable decorations". This indicates that the trophy carries the status of amilitary award, but is not meant to be worn on a uniform but rather is presented for static display. Such military trophies include athletic excellence awards, unit excellence awards, and superior service awards presented annually to the top service member of a command.
Manyprofessional associations award trophies in recognition of outstanding work in their respective fields. Some examples of such awards include:
Inhunting, although competition trophies like those mentioned above can be awarded, the wordtrophy more typically refers to an item made from the body of a killedanimal and kept as a keepsake.
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