Trondheim has a mild climate for its northerly latitude, resulting in moderate summers and winters that often remain above the freezing point in seaside areas. At higher elevations, though, themicroclimate is colder and snowier.
The city functions as the seat of the County Mayor ofTrøndelag county but not as its administrative centre (which isSteinkjer). This is designed to avoid making the county administration toocentralized.
The city was established in 997 byOlav Tryggvason and it was originally namedNidaros (Old Norse:Niðaróss). The first element of the name was the local riverNid. The last element of the name wasóss which meant "the mouth of a river". Thus the name meant "the outlet of the riverNid". Although the formal name was Nidaros, the city was commonly known askaupangr, which means "city" or "marketplace", or more specificallykaupangr í Þróndheimi which means "the city in Trondheim". Trondheim (Old Norse:Þróndheimr) was the historic name for the whole district which is now known asTrøndelag. This is the area where the people were known as Trønder (þróndr). This district name Trondheim meant "the home of the Trønder people" (literally "Trønder-home") and Trøndelag (Old Norse:Þrǿndalǫg) originally meant the "law area of the Trønder people" (literally "Trønder-law"). The name of the Trønder people derives from theOld Norse wordþróndr which is an old present participle of the verbþróask which means "to grow" or "to thrive".[9][10]
During the lateMiddle Ages, the city name was commonly shortened toÞróndheimr, dropping thekaupanger part, and over time the name becameTrondhjem, using theDano-Norwegian spelling rather than theOld Norse spelling since the city was part of the Kingdom ofDenmark-Norway for centuries.
On 21 December 1917, aroyal resolution enacted the1917 Norwegian language reforms. Around the time, many municipalities and cities had their names changed to "Norwegianize" the spelling and make them look lessDanish. On 1 January 1919, the name of the localChurch of Norway diocese was changed fromTrondhjem stift toNidaros bispedømme (English:Diocese of Nidaros).[11] In 1924, the name of the Norwegian capital city was changed fromKristiania toOslo, removing the name referencing a Danish King in favor of the very old name Oslo. In 1928, areferendum in Trondhjem was held on whether to keep the current name or to bring back the original name ofNidaros. The vote resulted in 17,163 votes in favour ofTrondhjem and only 1,508 votes in favour of Nidaros.[12] Despite this result, theStorting voted in 1929 to make some changes. TheTrondhjem Cathedral would be changed toNidaros Cathedral effective on 1 July 1929[13] and the name of the city would change toNidaros starting on 1 January 1930.[14] This change caused public outrage and evenriots during 1930. This forced theStorting to reconsider this change. On 6 March 1931, the name was formally changed toTrondheim, using the medieval Norwegian spelling instead of the Danish versionTrondhjem. The name of the diocese and cathedral, however, continued using the name Nidaros.[15]
Trondheim was named Kaupangen (English:market place or trading place) byVikingKingOlav Tryggvason in 997 CE.[16] Shortly after that, it came to be calledNidaros. Initially, it was frequently used as a military retainer (Old Norse: "hird"-man) of King Olav I. It was also frequently used as the king's seat and was Norway's capital until 1217.
From the 16th through the 19th centuries, the city was repeatedly ravaged by fires that caused widespread damage since many of its buildings were made of wood. The worst occurred in 1598, 1651, 1681, 1708, 1717 (twice), 1742, 1788, 1841 and 1842. The 1651 fire destroyed 90% of all buildings within the city limits. After the "Horneman Fire" in 1681, there was an almost total reconstruction of the city, overseen by GeneralJohan Caspar von Cicignon, originally fromLuxembourg. Broad avenues, such as Munkegata, were created, without regard for private property rights, to limit the damage from future fires. At the time, the city had a population of under 10,000 inhabitants, with most living in the downtown area.[18][citation needed]
City Map of Trondheim in 1898, Norwegian editionPlan of Trondheim, 1942
During theSecond World War, Trondheim was occupied byNazi Germany from 9 April 1940, the first day of theinvasion of Norway, until the end of the war in Europe,8 May 1945. The German invasion force consisted of theGerman cruiser Admiral Hipper, 4 destroyers and 1700 Austrian Mountain troops. Except for a coastal battery that opened fire, there was no resistance to the invasion, which began on 9 April at 5 AM. On 14 and 17 April, British and French forces landed near Trondheim in a failed attempt to liberate Trondheim, as part of theNamsos Campaign.[20][citation needed] During the occupation, Trondheim was the home of the notorious Norwegian Gestapo agent,Henry Rinnan, who operated from a nearby villa and infiltrated Norwegian resistance groups. The city and its citizens were subjected to harsh treatment by the occupying power, including the imposition ofmartial law in October 1942. During this time, the Germans turned the city and its environs into a major base for submarines (which included building the large submarine base and bunkerDORA I), and contemplated a scheme to build a new city for 300,000 inhabitants,Nordstern ("Northern Star"), centred 15 kilometres (9 miles) southwest of Trondheim, near the wetlands ofØysand on the outskirts ofMelhus municipality. This new metropolis was to be accompanied by a massively expanded version of the already existing naval base, which was intended to become the future primary stronghold of the GermanKriegsmarine. A start was made on this enormous construction project, but it was far from completed when the war ended, and today, there are few physical remains of it.[21]
The city of Trondheim was established on 1 January 1838 (seeformannskapsdistrikt law). On 1 January 1864, part ofStrinda Municipality (population: 1,229) was amalgamated with Trondheim. Then, on 1 January 1893, another part of Strinda Municipality (population: 4,097) was transferred to Trondheim Municipality. On 1 January 1952, theLade area of Strinda Municipality (population: 2,230) was transferred to Trondheim Municipality. On 1 January 1964, a major municipal merger took place:Leinstrand Municipality (population: 4,193),Byneset Municipality (population: 2,049), Strinda Municipality (population: 44,600), andTiller Municipality (population: 3,595) were all merged with the city of Trondheim (population: 56,982), which nearly doubled the population of the municipality.[22] On 1 January 2020, the neighboringKlæbu Municipality (population: 6,050) was merged with Trondheim Municipality.[23]
Thecoat of arms dates back to the 13th century. To the left, there is anarchbishop with his staff andmitre in a church archway. On the right, a crowned king holding scales in a castle archway. These two pictures rest on a base which forms an arch. Underneath that arch, are three male heads which symbolise the city's rank as Norway's first capital and the archbishop's place of residence. The scales symbolise justice and themotif is based on the political philosophy of the 13th century, where the balance of power between king and church was an important issue. The three heads at the bottom may symbolise the city council. The motif is unique in Norwegian municipal heraldry, but similar motifs are found in bishopric cities on the continent. The design of the coat-of-arms that was adopted in 1897, and is still used today, was made by Håkon Thorsen.[24]
Trondheim is situated where the River Nidelva meetsTrondheim Fjord with an excellent harbour and sheltered condition. In the Middle Ages the river was deep enough to be navigable by most boats. However, in the mid–17th century, an avalanche of mud and stones made it less navigable, and partly ruined the harbour. The municipality's highest elevation is theStorheia hill, 565 metres (1,854 ft)above sea level. At the summersolstice, the sun rises at 03:00 and sets at 23:40, and then stays just below the horizon. Between 23 May and 19 July, when the sky is cloud-free, it remains light enough at night that no artificial lighting is needed outdoors.[25] At the winter solstice, the sun rises at 10:01, stays very low above the horizon (at midday its altitude is slightly more than 3 degrees over the horizon), and sets at 14:31.
Trondheim city has anoceanic climate (Cfb) orhumid continental climate (Dfb), depending on the winter threshold used (−3 °C or 0 °C). Winters are fairly cold and summers are mild. The part of the municipality further away from the fjord has slightly colder winters, while the part close to the fjord has the mildest winters. Trondheim is mostly sheltered from the strong south and southwesterly winds which can occur along the outer seaboard but is more exposed to northwesterly winds. As with the rest of Norway, the weather is dependent on the weather pattern. High pressure over Central Norway or to the east can last for weeks, while Atlantic Lows from the west also can dominate for weeks. Such stuck opposite weather patterns was evident in 2020, when May saw northwesterlies with cold air even bringing some snowfall, while the following June was warm and sunny. Trondheim experiences moderate snowfall from November to March,[26] but mixed with mild weather and rainfall. There is often more snow and later snowmelt in suburban areas at a higher elevation, with good skiing conditions inBymarka. All the monthly record lows are from 1955 or older, with half of them from before 1920. The last overnight frost in June was in 1958. The all-time low −26 °C (−14.8 °F) was recorded February 1899. The all-time high 35 °C (95 °F) was recorded 22 July 1901.The earliest weather stations were located closer to the city centre, from 1945 onwards the weather station has been located at a higher elevation (Voll, 127 m and Tyholt, 113 m), therefore being slightly colder.A new sunrecorder was established in the city by met.no atGløshaugen (NTNU campus) December 2015, recording more sunhours than the earlier sunrecorder, which had terrain blocking issues.[27] There are on average 229 sunhours in July (based 2016–2020).[28] Trondheim recorded 197 sunhours in October 2016 beating the previous national record for October. In April 2019, Trondheim recorded 308 sunhours, setting a new national record for April.[29][30] In contrast, December 2016 only recorded 10 sunhours.
Climate data for Trondheim - Voll 1991–2020 (127 m, avg high/low 2002-2024, extremes 1870–present includes earlier stations, sunhrs 2016–2024 Gløshaugen/met.no)
The city has various wetlandhabitats. among which there is theGaulosen. The observation tower accommodates for birdwatching and providing information about birdlife.[35]
Though Trondheim is Norway's third largest city, wild animals are regularly seen.Otters andbeavers thrive in Nidelva and Bymarka.[36]Badgers andred foxes are not uncommon sights.Moose anddeer are common in the hills surrounding the city, and might wander into the city, especially in May when the one-year-olds are chased away by their mothers, or in late winter when food grows scarce in the snow-covered higher regions. From 2002 until 2017, awolverine lived in Bymarka.[37][38]
Central Trondheim as seen from the tower of the Nidaros Cathedral looking towardsTrondheim Fjord andMunkholmen IslandThe city's central square (Torvet) in 2020The pavement cafes at BakklandetBakke Bridge
DORA 1 is aGerman submarine base that housed the13th U-boat Flotilla during the Second World War occupation of Norway. Today the bunker houses various archives, among them the city archives, the university and state archives. More recently, DORA has been used as a concert venue.
Kristiansten Fortress, built 1681–1684, is located on a hill east of Trondheim. It repelled the invadingSwedes in 1718, but was decommissioned in 1816 by Crown Prince RegentCharles John.
Astatue of Olav Tryggvason, the founder of Trondheim, is located in the city's central square, mounted on top of an obelisk. The statue base is also asun dial, but it is calibrated to UTC+1 so that the reading is inaccurate by one hour in the summer.
The islet Munkholmen is a popular tourist attraction and recreation site. The islet has served as a place of execution, amonastery, afortress,prison, and a Second World Waranti-aircraft gun station.
Stiftsgården is the royal residence in Trondheim, originally constructed in 1774 byCecilie Christine Schøller. At 140 rooms constituting 4,000 square metres (43,056 sq ft), it is possibly the largest wooden building inNorthern Europe and has been used by royals and their guests since 1800.
A statue ofLeif Ericson is located at the seaside, close to the old Customs Building, the cruise ship facilities and the new swimming hall. The statue is a replica, the original being located at a Seattlemarina.
TheNidelva flows through Trondheim with old storehouses flanking both sides of this river. TheOld Town Bridge can be seen on the right side of this panorama.
Most of Trondheim's city centre is scattered with small speciality shops. However, the city centre's main shopping area is concentrated around the pedestrianised streetsNordre gate (English:Northern street),Olav Tryggvasons gate andThomas Angells gate even though the rest of the city centre is provided with everything from old, well-established companies to new, hip and trendy shops.
In the mid-to-late 1990s, the area surrounding the olddrydock and ship construction buildings of the defunctTrondhjems mekaniske Værksted shipbuilding company at theNedre Elvehavn was renovated and old industrial buildings were torn down to make way for condominiums. A shopping centre was also built, known as Solsiden (The Sunny Side). This is a popular residential and shopping area, especially for young people.
Larger multi-mall shopping areas are located in the eastern suburb of Lade-Strindheim along theHaakon VIIs gate andBromstadvegen streets, and in the southern suburb of Tiller (The latter centred aroundCity Syd). Swedish store chains are widely present throughout the areas, especially in the DIY and clothing store fields, includingIKEA,Biltema, andClas Ohlson.
TheNidaros Cathedral and the Archbishop's Palace are located side by side in the middle of the city centre. The cathedral, built from 1070 on, is the most importantGothic monument in Norway and was Northern Europe's most important Christianpilgrimage site during the Middle Ages,[39] with pilgrimage routes leading to it fromOslo in southern Norway and from theJämtland andVärmland regions of Sweden. Today, it is the northernmost medieval cathedral in the world, and the second-largest inScandinavia.
During the Middle Ages, and again after independence was restored in 1814, the Nidaros Cathedral was thecoronation church of the Norwegian kings.King Haakon VII was the last monarch to be crowned there, in 1906. Starting withKing Olav V in 1957, coronation was replaced byconsecration. In 1991, the presentKing Harald V andQueen Sonja were consecrated in the cathedral.[40] On 24 May 2002, their daughterPrincess Märtha Louise married the writerAri Behn in the cathedral.[41]
ThePilgrim's Route (Pilegrimsleden) to the site of Saint Olufs's tomb atNidaros Cathedral, has recently been re-instated. Also known as St. Olav's Way, (Sankt Olavs vei), the main route, which is approximately 640 kilometres (400 mi) long, starts inOslo and heads North, along LakeMjøsa, up the valleyGudbrandsdalen, over the mountain rangeDovrefjell and down theOppdal valley to end atNidaros Cathedral in Trondheim. There is a Pilgrim's Office in Oslo which gives advice to pilgrims and a Pilgrim Centre in Trondheim, under theaegis of the cathedral, which awards certificates to successfulpilgrims upon the completion of their journey.[42][43]
The LutheranChurch of Norway has 21 churches within the municipality of Trondheim. They are all a part of theDiocese of Nidaros, which is based in Trondheim at theNidaros Cathedral. Many of the churches are several hundred years old, with a couple which were built almost 1,000 years ago.
Sverresborg, also namedZion afterKing David's castle inJerusalem, was a fortification built bySverre Sigurdsson. It is now an open-air museum, consisting of more than 60 buildings. The castle was originally built in 1182–1183, but did not last for long as it was burned down in 1188. However, theSverresaga indicates it had been restored by 1197.[44][citation needed]
Rockheim (Norwegian:Det nasjonale opplevelsessenteret for pop og rock, The National Discovery Center for Pop and Rock) opened at the Pier in August 2010. It is located inside an old warehouse, but characterised by an easily recognisable roof in the shape of a box. "The box" is decorated by thousands of tiny lights that change in a variety of colours and patterns, and is a landmark in the cityscape – especially on dark winter evenings.
Vollan District Jail (Norwegian:Vollan kretsfengsel) was ajail during thenazi occupation of Norway and was used to imprison both prisoners of war and criminals. Vollan was not considered aconcentration camp.[45] In a summary of prisoners of war in Norway, numerous prisoners were registered at Vollan. One of its roles was as atransit camp forpolitical prisoners. Many prisoners were taken from Vollan toKristiansten Fortress and shot. The prisoners at Vollan were interrogated at the Mission Hotel in Trondheim. Some were also interrogated byHenry Rinnan and his gang.[45] It was closed in 1971 after the opening of Trondheim Prison at Tunga.
Trondheim Prison (Norwegian:Trondheim fengsel) is a prison that belongs to the Northern Region of theNorwegian Correctional Services.[46] The prison can house 184inmates.
It consists of four main departments:
Nermarka ("Tunga") – closed department
Detention department (no:Forvaringsavdelingen) at Nermarka
Leira – open division. Through joint positive activities, the individual inmate on certain conditions teaches to be responsible with other people.[47]
division Kongens gt. – halfway house, located in downtown Trondheim.
On 1 January 2005, the city was reorganized from fiveboroughs into four, with each of these having separate social services offices.[50] The current boroughs areMidtbyen (44,967 inhabitants),Østbyen (42,707 inhabitants),Lerkendal (46,603 inhabitants) andHeimdal (30,744) inhabitants. The Population statistics listed are as of 1 January 2008.Prior to 2005, Trondheim was divided into the boroughsSentrum,Strinda,Nardo,Byåsen andHeimdal.
Thecity council(Bystyret) of Trondheim Municipality is made up of 67 representatives that are elected to four year terms. Prior to 2011, there were 85 city council members, but this number was reduced to 67 in 2011. The tables below show the current and historical composition of the council by politicalparty.
Trondheim is home to both theNorwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) with its many technical lab facilities and disciplines, and BI-Trondheim, a satellite campus for the Norwegian Business School (BI).[78] Both universities welcome a number of international students on a yearly basis and offer various scholarships.[79]
St. Olav's University Hospital, a regional hospital for Central Norway, is located in downtown Trondheim. St. Olav's is a teaching hospital and cooperates closely with the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) on both research and medical education.
SINTEF, a large independent research organisation inScandinavia, has 1,800 employees with 1,300 of these located in Trondheim.[80] The Air Force Academy of theRoyal Norwegian Air Force is located at Kuhaugen in Trondheim.
TheGeological Survey of Norway is located at Lade in Trondheim and is a major geoscientific institution with 220 employees of which 70% are scientists.
There are 11 high schools in the city.Trondheim katedralskole ("Trondheim Cathedral School") was founded in 1152 and is the oldest upper secondary school (gymnasium) in Norway, whileCharlottenlund videregående skole is the largest in Sør-Trøndelag with its 1,100 students and 275 employees. Brundalen Skole, has big festivals each year, and is building out to increase space.
Ila skole was founded in 1770 and is the oldest primary school in Trondheim.[81]
Adresseavisen is the largest regional newspaper and the oldest active newspaper in Norway, having been established in 1767. The two headquarters of the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (NRK) are located atTyholt in Trondheim, and in Oslo.[82] On 31 December 2019 the fully digital and local newspaper Nidaros was launched as a competitor to Adresseavisen.[83] The student press of Trondheim features three types of media.Under Dusken is the student paper,Radio Revolt is the student radio, and Student-TV broadcasts videos online.
Radio stations established in Trondheim include Trøndelag-focused opt-out feeds ofNRK P1 andNRK P1+, a local version of NRKYr's radio station, and Radio Revolt. Along with Norway's national radio stations, they can be listened to onDAB+ across most of Trøndelag, as well as oninternet radio. As of 2017, the commercial stations Radio Trondheim and Radio 247 also broadcast from within Trondheim,[84] but as of May 2025 there are no commercial local stations that broadcast from within Trondheim Municipality proper, but intra-regional stations likeNea Radio,Radio Trøndelag, and P5 Fosen (Not to be mistaken for the national P5 Hits) are fully available on DAB+ in Trondheim.
There are two artist-run spaces,Galleri Blunk [no], that was founded by students of theTrondheim Academy of Fine Art in 2002, andBabel, that was founded by Lademoen Kunstnerverksteder (English:Lademoen Artist Workshops, LKV) in 2006.[88]
The main regional theatre,Trøndelag Teater, is situated in Trondheim. Built in 1816, the theatre is the oldest theatre still in use in Scandinavia.[93] The city also features an alternative theatre houseTeaterhuset Avant Garden, and the theatre company Teater Fusentast.[94]
Trondheim has a broad music scene, and is known for its strong communities committed to rock,jazz andclassical music. The city's interest in Jazz and classical music are spearheaded by themusic conservatory atNTNU which has been called one of the most innovative in the world,[95] and the municipal music school,Trondheim Kommunale Musikk- og Kulturskole.[96] TheTrondheim Symphony Orchestra and theTrondheim Soloists are well-known. The city hosts a yearly Jazz festival, and is home toTrondheim Jazz Orchestra.[97] TheFjordgata Records label is also hosted in Trondheim.
Thomas Bergersen, a Norwegian self-taught composer, multi-instrumentalist, and the co-founder of the production music company Two Steps From Hell, was born in Trondheim.
Trondheim is also home to Rockheim, the national museum of popular music, which is responsible for collecting, preserving and sharing Norwegian popular music from the 1950s to the present day.[98][99][100]
With students comprising almost a fifth of the population, the city of Trondheim is heavily influenced by student culture. Most noticeable isStudentersamfundet i Trondhjem, the city's student society. Its characteristic round, red building from 1929 sits at the head of the bridge crossing the river southwards from the city centre. As the largest university in Norway, theNorwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) is the host of some 36,000 students.[101]
Student culture in Trondheim is characterised by a long-standing tradition of volunteer work. The student society is for example run by more than 1,200 volunteers.[102]NTNUI, Norway's largest sports club, is among the other volunteer organisations that dominate student culture in Trondheim. Students in Trondheim are also behind two major Norwegian culture festivals,UKA andThe International Student Festival in Trondheim (ISFiT). NTNU lists over 200 student organisations with registered web pages on its servers alone.[103]
Granåsen Ski Centre, aNordic skiing venue located in Byåsen, regularly hosts World Cup competitions inski jumping,biathlon andcross-country skiing, as well as the1997 and2025 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships. Trondheimattempted but failed to become the Norwegian candidate for the2018 Winter Olympics. Hiking and recreational skiing is available around the city, particularly inBymarka, which can be reached by the tramway. Trondheim Golfklubb, one of the oldest golf clubs in Norway, has a nine-hole golf course in Byåsen. Byneset Golfklubb has a full 18 hole par 72 course, which has hosted theNorwegian Challenge of theChallenge Tour in 2012, as well as a short and easy 9 hole course, located at Spongdal. Klæbu Golfklubb in Klæbu has another 9 hole course, albeit with artificial greens. There's also a public (no golf experience of course required) 9 hole par 3 course with a nice view overlooking the city centre at Byåsen.
Trondheim has an international airport,Trondheim Airport, Værnes, situated inStjørdal 32 kilometres (20 mi) away, which is Norway's fourth largest airport in terms of passenger traffic. Værnes has non-stop connections to cities such asLondon,Amsterdam,Copenhagen, andStockholm, among others. The domestic route Trondheim – Oslo is among thebusiest air routes in Europe with around 2 million passengers annually.
Trondheim boasts the world's only bicycle lift,Trampe.
The bus network, operated byAtB, runs throughout most of the city and its suburbs. A new metro line system went public 3 August 2019. The new transportation system covers the Trondheim area (Trondheim, Malvik, and Melhus). The three metro lines and the city lines that link the city across. The new public transport system becomes flexible, with buses running more often and accommodating more passengers. Fewer travelers must take a detour through the center of Trondheim, but relies more on bus transits.
In addition, the Nattbuss (Night Bus) service ensures cheap and effective transport for those enjoying nightlife in the city centre during the weekends. The Nattbus has other and more expensive prices than ordinary buses.
The Coastal Express ships (Hurtigruten: Covering theBergen–Kirkenes stretch of the coast) call at Trondheim, as do manycruise ships during the summer season. Every morning the Hurtigruten ships have one southbound and one northbound arrival and departure in Trondheim.
Since 1994 there is also a fast commuter boat service toKristiansund (viaBrekstad), the closest coastal city to the southwest; there is also a second commuter boat service toVanvikan.
Acar ferry route from the port of Flakk in the northwest of the municipality, connects Trondheim withFosen.
Trondheim also boasts the northernmost (since closure ofArkhangelsk tram in 2004)tramway line in the world: theGråkallen Line, the last remaining segment of theTrondheim Tramway, is an 8.8 kilometres (5.5 mi) route (which is mostly single-track outside the innermost parts of the city; except the stretch between Breidablikk and Nordre Hoem stations) which runs from the city centre, through theByåsen district, and up to Lian, in the large recreation areaBymarka.
Norway's longest road, theEuropean route E6 north-southmotorway, passes through Trondheim mostly southeast of the major districts, except a long section between Tiller and Sluppen just north of Nidelva. The eastern terminus forEuropean route E39 is at Klett narrowly within the municipality border, which heads west toMøre og Romsdal.
The later built National Road 706,Nordre avlastningsvei, is an alternate bypass that heads northwest instead of northeast at Sluppen, passing through Ila, Piren, and northern Strindheim before rejoining European Route E6 northeast of IKEA. This bypass is slower and has variousroundabout crosses.
Various bridge projects over the Trondheim Fjord to replace the car ferry have been planned, but none have begun construction.
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