Aplanidium is a specialized form ofinsectlarva seen in the first-instar of a few families of insects that haveparasitoidal ways of life. They are usually flattened, highlysclerotized (hardened), and quite mobile. The function of the planidial stage is to find a host on which the later larval instars may feed, generally until the insectpupates.
The term "planidium" is derived from theGreek language πλανής (planis) meaning "wanderer", the same origin of the wordplanet.[1] The termplanula was similarly derived in reference to the wandering larvae of certainCnidaria. Accordingly, "planidium" is the general term for such an adaptation, and it is not limited to any particular species ormorphology. Planidia of different species differ variously from each other in form.
The first-instar larva in the beetle family Meloidae has three claws on each foot, and is therefore called atriungulin (pluraltriungula). The term is derived from the Latintri meaning "three", andungula meaning "a claw". Anobsolescent varianttriungulus (pluraltriunguli) may still be encountered.[2]
For practical purposes of uniform terminology, except where there is some special reason for the use of the more narrowly specific term "triungulin", it is best to use only the more general term "planidium".
Planidia occur among subsets of the members of several orders, including:Neuroptera,Hymenoptera,Coleoptera,Strepsiptera, andDiptera. Examples include: the neuropteran familyMantispidae; thebeetle familiesMeloidae andRipiphoridae; and thefly familiesAcroceridae,Bombyliidae,Nemestrinidae, andTachinidae.[3] Among the Hymenoptera examples include theparasitic wasp familiesEucharitidae andPerilampidae. AllStrepsiptera have planidial larvae.
The term "triungulin", originally coined in reference to the planidia of the beetle family Meloidae, is commonly applied to similar-looking planidial larvae of other families of beetles or of Strepsiptera. It is purely descriptive, and of no theoretical importance; without implying any conceptual difference from other planidia.
Depending on their species, planidial larvae either wait for a passing host, or actively seek one out. In many species, the planidia depend onphoresy to gain access to the actual host life stage. For instance, they may ride on the adult form of the host, or on an intermediate vector that might carry them to where their later instars might feed till they are ready for pupation. Typically, such a planidium then enters the body of the host larva, but some of the species attack host eggs; for example, some Meloidae feed on the subterranean egg pods ofgrasshoppers and locusts, and Mantispidae feed onegg purses of spiders.
A striking example of phoresy is that planidia of beetles of the genusMeloe will form a group and produce apheromone that mimics the sex attractant of its hostbee species; when the male bee arrives and attempts to mate with the mass of larvae, they climb onto his abdomen, and from there, they transfer in turn to a female bee, and finally to the bee nest, where they attack the bee larvae as their hosts.[4]
It is common for planidia to molt shortly after entering the host body or nest, but some species postpone further development while the host larva grows. Whether after a delay or not, the firstecdysis changes the planidial form into an extra larval form that is remarkably different from the planidium; this reflects the lapsed need for the larva to wander any further, together with an increased need for efficiency in feeding. The changes inmorphology usually include de-sclerotization, and loss of the legs and eyes of the larvae. Inclusion of the extra, functionally distinct form of larva into the life history is an example ofhypermetamorphosis
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