Presence of males, females, and hermaphrodites in a population
Trioecy /t r aɪ ˈ iː s i triecy , is asexual system characterized by the coexistence ofmales ,females , andhermaphrodites . It has been found in bothplants andanimals .[ 1] [ 2] androdioecy andgynodioecy , trioecy is amixed mating systems .[ 3]
Trioecy is also calledtridioecy /ˌ t r aɪ d aɪ ˈ iː s i subdioecy /ˌ s ʌ b d aɪ ˈ iː s i [ 4]
The term trioecy comes from theNeo-Latin wordTrioecia [ 5]
Evolution of trioecy [ edit ] Trioecy may be an unstable transient state[ 6] gynodioecy todioecy .[ 7] [ 6] brachiopod species, trioecy usually breaks into androdioecy or gynodioecy.[ 8] gonochoristic ancestors which were invaded by a mutant selfing hermaphrodite, creating a trioecious population.[ 1] chromosomal duplication plays an important part in the evolution of trioecy.[ 9]
But one study found that trioecy can be stable undernucleocytoplasmic sex determination .[ 10] pollinators vary geographically.[ 11]
Trioecy is a relatively common sexual system in plants,[ 12] flowering plant species,[ 10] gynodioecy .[ 13] [ 12]
Species that exhibit trioecy [ edit ] The following species have been observed to exhibit a trioecious breeding system.
^a b c Chaudhuri, Jyotiska; Bose, Neelanjan; Tandonnet, Sophie; Adams, Sally; Zuco, Giusy; Kache, Vikas; Parihar, Manish; von Reuss, Stephan H.; Schroeder, Frank C.; Pires-daSilva, Andre (December 3, 2015)."Mating dynamics in a nematode with three sexes and its evolutionary implications" .Scientific Reports .5 (1) 17676.Bibcode :2015NatSR...517676C .doi :10.1038/srep17676 PMC 4668576 PMID 26631423 . ^ Choe, Jae (2019-01-21). "Hermaphrodite Mating Systems". In Leonard, Janet (ed.).Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior 584– 589.ISBN 978-0-12-813252-4 ^a b c Fusco, Giuseppe; Minelli, Alessandro (2019-10-10).The Biology of Reproduction 134– 135.ISBN 978-1-108-49985-9 ^a b c Avise, John C. (2011-03-18).Hermaphroditism: A Primer on the Biology, Ecology, and Evolution of Dual Sexuality ISBN 978-0-231-52715-6 ^ "Definition of TRIOECIOUS" .www.merriam-webster.com . Retrieved2024-06-09 .^a b c d Kanzaki, Natsumi; Kiontke, Karin; Tanaka, Ryusei; Hirooka, Yuuri; Schwarz, Anna; Müller-Reichert, Thomas; Chaudhuri, Jyotiska; Pires-daSilva, Andre (2017-09-11)."Description of two three-gendered nematode species in the new genus Auanema (Rhabditina) that are models for reproductive mode evolution" .Scientific Reports .7 (1): 11135.Bibcode :2017NatSR...711135K .doi :10.1038/s41598-017-09871-1 .PMC 5593846 PMID 28894108 . ^ Kliman, Richard (2016).Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Biology ISBN 978-0-12-800426-5 the original on July 1, 2016. ^ Subramoniam, Thanumalaya (2016-09-27).Sexual Biology and Reproduction in Crustaceans ISBN 978-0-12-809606-2 ^ Fleming, Theodore H.; Valiente-Banuet, Alfonso (2002).Columnar Cacti and Their Mutualists: Evolution, Ecology, and Conservation ISBN 978-0-8165-2204-0 ^a b Albert, Béatrice; Morand-Prieur, Marie-Élise; Brachet, Stéphanie; Gouyon, Pierre-Henri; Frascaria-Lacoste, Nathalie; Raquin, Christian (2013-10-01)."Sex expression and reproductive biology in a tree species, Fraxinus excelsior L" Comptes Rendus Biologies .336 (10):479– 485.doi :10.1016/j.crvi.2013.08.004 .ISSN 1631-0691 .PMID 24246889 . ^ Fleming, Theodore H.; Valiente-Banuet, Alfonso (2002).Columnar Cacti and Their Mutualists: Evolution, Ecology, and Conservation ISBN 978-0-8165-2204-0 ^a b c Oyarzún P, Nuñez J, Toro JE, Gardner J (2020)."Trioecy in the Marine MusselSemimytilus algosus (Mollusca, Bivalvia): Stable Sex Ratios Across 22 Degrees of a Latitudinal Gradient" .Frontiers in Marine Science .7 (348) 348:1– 10.Bibcode :2020FrMaS...7..348O .doi :10.3389/fmars.2020.00348 ^ Geber, Monica A.; Dawson, Todd E.;Delph, Lynda F. (2012-12-06).Gender and Sexual Dimorphism in Flowering Plants ISBN 978-3-662-03908-3 ^ Silva, C. A.; Oliva, M.; Vieira, M. F.; Fernandes, G. W. (October 27, 2008)."Trioecy in Coccoloba cereifera Schwacke (Polygonaceae), a narrow endemic and threatened tropical species" .Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology .51 (5):1003– 1010.Bibcode :2008BrABT..51.1003S .doi :10.1590/S1516-89132008000500017 S2CID 85673074 . ^ Joseph KS, Murthy HN (2015). "Sexual system ofGarcinia indica Choisy: geographic variation in trioecy and sexual dimorphism in floral traits".Plant Systematics and Evolution .301 (3):1065– 1071.Bibcode :2015PSyEv.301.1065J .doi :10.1007/s00606-014-1120-y .S2CID 15926083 . ^ Husaini, Amjad M.; Neri, Davide (2016).Strawberry: growth, development and diseases . Boston, MA: CAB International. ^ Godley, E. J. (1955)."Breeding Systems in New Zealand Plants: I.Fuchsia ." Annals of botany, 19(4), 549-559. ^ Perry, Laura E.; Pannell, John R.; Dorken, Marcel E. (2012-04-19)."Two's Company, Three's a Crowd: Experimental Evaluation of the Evolutionary Maintenance of Trioecy in Mercurialis annua (Euphorbiaceae)" .PLOS ONE .7 (4) e35597.Bibcode :2012PLoSO...735597P .doi :10.1371/journal.pone.0035597 ISSN 1932-6203 .PMC 3330815 PMID 22532862 . ^ Fleming, Theodore H. (September 2000). "Pollination of Cacti in the Sonoran Desert: When closely related species vie for scarce resources, necessity is the mother of some pretty unusual evolutionary inventions".American Scientist .88 (5):432– 439.doi :10.1511/2000.5.432 .JSTOR 27858091 .S2CID 122244912 . ^ Roy, Scott (1 November 2021)."Digest: Three sexes from two loci in one genome: A haploid alga expands the diversity of trioecious species" .academic.oup.com . Retrieved2023-05-12 . ^ Armoza-Zvuloni, Rachel; Kramarsky-Winter, Esti; Loya, Yossi; Schlesinger, Ami; Rosenfeld, Hanna (2014-06-01)."Trioecy, a Unique Breeding Strategy in the Sea Anemone Aiptasia diaphana and Its Association with Sex Steroids" .Biology of Reproduction .90 (6): 122.doi :10.1095/biolreprod.113.114116 ISSN 0006-3363 .PMID 24790160 . ^ Leonard, Janet L. (2013-10-01)."Williams' Paradox and the Role of Phenotypic Plasticity in Sexual Systems" .Integrative and Comparative Biology .53 (4):671– 688.doi :10.1093/icb/ict088 ISSN 1540-7063 .PMID 23970358 . 
