Sometimes human users may experience an event called "tren cough" shortly after or during an injection, where the user experiences a violent and extreme coughing fit, which can last for minutes and in some cases even longer.
"Tren cough", despite its name, is not exclusive to trenbolone. It can occur when injecting any oil-steroid solutions, if the solution accidentally is injected intravenously. When the oil-steroid solution gets into the bloodstream, the steroid oil solution travels into the lungs, therefore causing a coughing fit. There exist several theories on why this phenomenon happens.[9]
Trenbolone has bothanabolic andandrogenic effects.[6] Oncemetabolized, trenbolone esters have the effect of increasingammonium ion uptake by muscles, leading to an increase in the rate ofprotein synthesis. It may also have the secondary effects of stimulating appetite and decreasing the rate ofcatabolism, as allanabolic steroids are believed to; however, catabolism likely increases significantly once the steroid is no longer taken.[13] At least one study in rats has shown trenbolone to cause gene expression of theandrogen receptor (AR) at least as potent asdihydrotestosterone (DHT). This evidence tends to indicate trenbolone can cause an increase in malesecondary sex characteristics without the need to convert to a more potent androgen in the body.[14]
Studies on metabolism are mixed, with some studies showing that it is metabolized byaromatase intoestrogenic compounds, or by5α-reductase into 5α-reduced androgenic compounds.[15][16]
The potency of trenbolone is not known, although it's often falsely believed to be five times higher thantestosterone.[17][18] This is based on a book by William Llewellyn but has not been definitively proven. Trenbolone was never approved for human use, and therefore limited data on the subject exists. The relevant studies are usually done in rats, which makes the 500/100 potency number inaccurate. Rats respond differently and are less sensitive to androgens. While some literature report a 5 fold higher potency, two other scientific reviews report a 3 fold higher potency.[19][20] Trenbolone also binds with highaffinity to theprogesterone receptor,[6][21][22][23] and binds to theglucocorticoid receptor as well.[22]
Trenbolone and 17-epitrenbolone are both excreted in urine as conjugates that can be hydrolyzed with beta-glucuronidase.[24] This implies that trenbolone leaves the body as beta-glucuronides orsulfates.
Trenbolone is thegeneric name of the drug and itsINNTooltip International Nonproprietary Name andBANTooltip British Approved Name.[2][3][4] It has also been referred to astrienolone ortrienbolone or tren.[2][3][4][28]
Somebodybuilders andathletes use trenbolone hexahydrobenzylcarbonate and other esters (acetate, enanthate) for their muscle-building and otherwise performance-enhancing effects.[29][6] Such use is illegal in the United States and several European and Asian countries. The DEA classifies trenbolone and its esters asSchedule III controlled substances under theControlled Substances Act.[30] Trenbolone is classified as a Schedule 4 drug inCanada[31] and a class C drug with no penalty for personal use or possession in theUnited Kingdom.[32] Use or possession of steroids without a prescription is a crime inAustralia.[33]
Early studies suggested that the metabolites of trenbolone acetate would degrade throughphototransformation. However, a 2013 paper found that theendocrine-disrupting metabolites were able to reform at night, resulting in a diurnal cycling of the compounds.[34] The environmental persistence of the steroid metabolites results in the contamination of water supplies and the disruption of aquatic reproductive processes. Due to its nocturnal reformation, researchers have referred to trenbolone as the "vampire steroid".[35][36]
^Fox AJ, Lalloo UG, Belvisi MG, Bernareggi M, Chung KF, Barnes PJ (July 1996). "Bradykinin-evoked sensitization of airway sensory nerves: a mechanism for ACE-inhibitor cough".Nature Medicine.2 (7):814–817.doi:10.1038/nm0796-814.PMID8673930.
^Fahey TD (March 1998)."Anabolic Steroids: Mechanisms and Effects".Encyclopedia of sports medicine and science. Internet Society for Sport Science.Archived from the original on 2011-08-23. Retrieved2011-08-23.
^Yarrow JF, McCoy SC, Borst SE (June 2010). "Tissue selectivity and potential clinical applications of trenbolone (17beta-hydroxyestra-4,9,11-trien-3-one): A potent anabolic steroid with reduced androgenic and estrogenic activity".Steroids.75 (6):377–389.doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2010.01.019.PMID20138077.S2CID205253265.
^Gettys TW, D'Occhio MJ, Henricks DM, Schanbacher BD (January 1984). "Suppression of LH secretion by oestradiol, dihydrotestosterone and trenbolone acetate in the acutely castrated bull".The Journal of Endocrinology.100 (1):107–112.doi:10.1677/joe.0.1000107.PMID6361192.
^Neumann F (1976). "Pharmacological and endocrinological studies on anabolic agents".Environmental Quality and Safety. Supplement (5):253–264.PMID782871.
^Yarrow JF, McCoy SC, Borst SE (June 2010). "Tissue selectivity and potential clinical applications of trenbolone (17beta-hydroxyestra-4,9,11-trien-3-one): A potent anabolic steroid with reduced androgenic and estrogenic activity".Steroids.75 (6):377–389.doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2010.01.019.PMID20138077.
Yarrow JF, McCoy SC, Borst SE (June 2010). "Tissue selectivity and potential clinical applications of trenbolone (17beta-hydroxyestra-4,9,11-trien-3-one): A potent anabolic steroid with reduced androgenic and estrogenic activity".Steroids.75 (6):377–389.doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2010.01.019.PMID20138077.S2CID205253265.
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