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Trebbia

Coordinates:45°04′13″N9°41′06″E / 45.0702°N 9.6849°E /45.0702; 9.6849
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the river in north Italy. For other uses, seeTrebia (disambiguation).
River in Italy
Trebbia
The Trebbia valley in July, a few kilometres upstream fromBobbio
Location of the Trebbia.
Location
CountryItaly
Physical characteristics
Source 
 • locationMonte Prelà,Ligurian Apennines
 • elevation800 m (2,600 ft)
MouthPo
 • location
just upstream fromPiacenza
 • coordinates
45°04′13″N9°41′06″E / 45.0702°N 9.6849°E /45.0702; 9.6849
 • elevation
61 m (200 ft)
Length118 km (73 mi)[1]
Basin size1,150 km2 (440 sq mi)[2]
Discharge 
 • average40 m3/s (1,400 cu ft/s)[2]
Basin features
ProgressionPoAdriatic Sea

TheTrebbia (stressedTrèbbia;Latin:Trebia) is ariver predominantly ofLiguria andEmilia Romagna in northernItaly. It is one of the four main right-bank tributaries of the riverPo, the other three being theTanaro, theSecchia and thePanaro.

Along its eastern banks in 218 BC was fought one of the great battles of theSecond Punic War. In theBattle of Trebbia,Hannibal defeated aRoman consular army.

The 1,150-square-kilometre (440 sq mi)drainage basin is divided among Emilia Romagna, 770 square kilometres (300 sq mi), Liguria, 349 square kilometres (135 sq mi), andLombardy, 31 square kilometres (12 sq mi). Its principal tributaries are thetorrents Aveto and Perino (from the right) and the torrent Boreca (from the left).[2]

Geography

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The source of the river, the Trebbia river spring, is in theLigurian Apennines on the south slopes ofMonte Prelà, to the south of Monte Antola in thecomune ofTorriglia,Province of Genoa. Monte Prelà, 1,407 m (4,616 ft) high,[1][note 1] is part of the Antola massif.

The spring is not on the peak but is at roughly 800 m (2,600 ft).[3] Across a small ridge to the west, on which sits Torriglia, and slightly further downslope is the source of theScrivia river. Over a ridge to the northeast is the Brugneto reservoir, water supply forGenoa. The reservoir was created in 1959 by damming Brugneto stream, which formerly joined its waters to the Trebbia, but now only does so when the reservoir is full. A ridge running north from Prelà connects to Monte Druso, then to Monte Cremado, and finally to Monte Antola at 1,597 m (5,240 ft). From its peak on a clear day can be seen Genoa,Corsica, theTuscan Archipelago and theAlps.

From its source the river flows towards north-east for 118 km (73 mi)[note 2] until it reaches the Po just to the west ofPiacenza. The Alta Val Trebbia ("High Trebbia Valley") includes the valley down toBobbio. It straddles eightcomuni of the Province of Genoa: Torriglia,Rondanina,Propata,Fascia,Montebruno,Rovegno,Fontanigorda andGorreto. Each of these contains numerous hamlets, some on the river, most on the slopes. Gorreto is on the Ligurian side of the border withPiacenza province.

The Ponte Gobbo (‘hunchback bridge’) or Ponte Vecchio (‘old bridge’) is aDevil’s Bridge of 280 m (920 ft), which spans the river atBobbio.

Past Gorreto the Trebbia flows under a few mountain villages arriving at the next town,Ottone. Below Ottone Val Boreca enters from the left opposite thefrazione of Losso. The Boreca is a mountain brook falling from the heights of the "four provinces" region generally too small to be shown on maps but visible in satellite photographs. Just belowZerba (from which it is accessed) its waters are impounded by a dam diverting them through the turbines of a hydroelectric power station.

The border with theProvince of Pavia in southernmostLombardy follows the Trebbia for about 2,000 m (6,600 ft) where it bends around Ponte Organasco, so that some of the river and bottom lands are in Lombardy. Further downstream the valley opens to accommodateCorte Brugnatella and then closes to form steep sides again. Receiving the Torrente Carlone from the left it enters Bobbio on the left bank. Here the high valley ends and the valley becomes the Val Trebbia.

The river goes on under a good many small communities located up on the flanks of the hills before reaching the next good-sized town on it,Travo, and thenRivergaro. Here the val ends. It widens and merges with thePianura Padana, "plain of the Po", beyond Rivergaro and a few miles later encounters the suburban communities on the west side ofPiacenza before entering the Po. Geologically the course of the lower Trebbia and that of the Po is unstable except where stabilized by man.

Nearly the whole course of the river is paralleled by theStrada statale della Val Trebbia, highway SS45, running between Piacenza and Genoa. It encounters the river at Rivergaro and winds with it through the mountains, breaking away just below the source to bend southwest over the ridges to Genoa.

Ecology

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Flora

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The following trees are predominant in the forests of Val Trebbia:Fagus silvatica at 800 m (2,600 ft) to 1,500 m (4,900 ft); over 1500 m:Sorbus aucuparia,Sorbus aria,Laburnum anagyroides,Acer pseudoplatanus,Abies alba,Larix decidua,Alnus incana,Populus tremula; below 1,000 m (3,300 ft):Quercus cerris,Quercus sessiflora,Quercus pubescens,Ostrya carpinifolia,Carpinus betulus,Fraxinus ornus,Acer campestre,Ulmus campestris,Populus alba,Populus canescens,Alnus glutinosa,Prunus avium,Pirus communis,Malus communis,Corylus avellana; below 800 m (2,600 ft):Castanea sativa.

The shrubbery includes the following species:Juniperus communis,Rubus fruticosus,Rubus idaeus,Polygala chamaebuxus,Daphne mezereum,Vaccinium myrtillus,Cornus mas,Euonymus europaea,Cytisus sessilifolius,Erica arborea,Ruscus aculeatus,Clematis vitalba,Lonicera caprifolium,Crataegus oxyacantha,Rosa canina,Spartium junceum.

Theferns arePolypodium volgare,Asplenium ruta-muraria,Dryopteris filix-mas,Pteridium aquilinum,Notholaena marantae.[4]

Fauna

[edit]

The Val Trebbia is within the endemic range ofMoltoni's warbler, a subspecies ofSylvia cantillans better known in the western Mediterranean islands.[5] The birds forage for insects in mixed shrubland of varying heights and both broad-leaved and coniferous composition.

The other birds includeButeo buteo,Falco tinnunculus,Accipiter nisus,Pernis apivorus,Cinclus cinclus,Charadrius dubius,Motacilla alba,Motacilla flava,Alcedo atthis,Alectoris rufa andPicus viridis.[6]

Geologic history

[edit]

The northernApennines are a belt of northeast-southwest mountains on the coast of northwestItalyfolded by transverse thrusting fromsedimentary rock. The streams draining it run primarily in a northeastern directionperpendicular to the line of the folds and project into thePo river an average of 50 km (31 mi) from the source. The eroded landscape of the north Apennines covers about 2,800 km2 (1,100 sq mi).[7]

For much of their lengths, these heavilybraided streams run through montane terrain that is minimally developed, is known for its wildlife, and remains in a pristine state. The sediment eroded from the mountains is deposited inalluvial fans andterraces in the Po valley, which is heavily populated and in ancient times flooded regularly. Diking has prevented much of the flooding but now due to confinement of deposition within the stream beds significant lengths of stream run entirely above ground, in places as high as the rooftops. This is a development of the previous thousand years.

The native rock differs between the two banks. On the left is mainly sedimentary rock, the Monte Antola limestone, which is actually amarlstone. On the right is both sedimentary andmetamorphic rock:ophiolite,serpentinite,basalt,jasper.[8]

Val Trebbia is covered with a blanket of rich soil reddish or brown in color fromhematite an average of 4 m (13 ft) deep. It consists ofloess deposited in layers during periods of glacial maxima beginning about 400000 years ago in theMiddle Pleistocene. The loess initially accumulated on gravelled terraces deriving from native rock.[9]

Cultural history

[edit]
Battle of the Trebbia on 19 June 1799 (Alexander Kotzebue, 1857)

Judging from the archaeological evidence, the Trebbia valley has been continuously occupied since the end of theAcheulian in thePaleolithic, about 150000 years ago. In theMesolithic various summer camps for high-altitude hunting were located in the valley.Neolithic cultures were at first diverse (4500 BC). Later in the Neolithic, at about 4000 BC, theSquare-mouthed pottery culture began to prevail; at about 3000 BC, theChassey-Lagozza culture of theChalcolithic. TheBronze Age population resided in settlements located at positions with natural defenses.Etruscan elements began in theIron Age, about the 5th century BC.Celtic artifacts immediately preceded the Roman presence.[10]

Along its eastern banks in 218 BC was fought one of the battles of theSecond Punic War: theBattle of Trebbia, whereHannibal defeated aRoman consular army.

The name of the river is first known fromPolybius, who wrote in the middleRoman Republic, but used materials dating to earlier. Which people first assigned it and during which period remains unclear. Without knowing the probable language the few etymologies are highly speculative.

In 1799a major battle between the Russians and Austrians underSuvorov with the French took place here.

Gallery

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Notes

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  1. ^The other reference has 1,406 m (4,613 ft).
  2. ^The other reference has 105 km (65 mi).

References

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  1. ^ab"Geography of the Trebbia Valley" (in Italian and English). Associazione Pro Loco Gorreto. 2006. Archived from the original on November 20, 2008. Retrieved2 April 2009.
  2. ^abcCani, Antonella (2003)."Progetto integrato per il risanamento del fiume Trebbia" (in Italian). Giovanni Giavelli, Departmento di Scienze Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Parma. Archived fromthe original on 26 March 2008. Retrieved29 March 2009.
  3. ^"The Trebbia Valley watercourses". Alta Val Trebbia. 2009. Archived fromthe original on 4 May 2009. Retrieved2 April 2009.
  4. ^"The Trebbia Valley flora". Alta Val Trebbia. 2009. Archived fromthe original on 4 May 2009. Retrieved3 April 2009.
  5. ^Brambilla, Mattia; Fabrizio Reginato; Franca Guidali (2007)."Brief report: Habitat use by Moltoni'sWarbler Sylvia cantillans moltonii in Italy"(PDF).Ornis Fennica.84:91–96.[permanent dead link]
  6. ^"The Trebbia Valley Fauna". Alta Val Trebbia. 2009. Archived fromthe original on 4 May 2009. Retrieved18 April 2009.
  7. ^Giulio, Andrea Di; Andrea Ceriani; Emanuele Ghia; Francesco Zucca (2003). "Composition of modern stream sands derived from sedimentary source rocks in a temperate climate (Northern Apennines, Italy)".Sedimentary Geology.158 (s 1–2):145–161.doi:10.1016/S0037-0738(02)00264-6.
  8. ^"The Trebbia Valley rocks". Alta Val Trebbia. 2009. Archived fromthe original on 4 May 2009. Retrieved10 April 2009.
  9. ^Busaccaa, Alan; Mauro Cremaschi (1998). "The role of time versus climate in the formation of deep soils of the Apennine fringe of the Po Valley, Italy".Quaternary International.51–52:95–107.doi:10.1016/S1040-6182(97)00036-0.
  10. ^"Excerpts from the Book: Trebbia Valley from the Paleolithic to the Iron Age; Maria Bernabt Brea; Tipografia Columba (1991)". Giorgio Zanetti. 2006. Retrieved29 March 2009.

External links

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Wikimedia Commons has media related toTrebbia.
  • "Trebbia".The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (Fourth ed.). 2000. Archived fromthe original on 2005-11-22.
  • "trebia".Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary. Archived fromthe original on 2011-07-14.
  • Charlton T. Lewis; Charles Short (1879)."Trĕbĭa".A Latin Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
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