.jpg) Signing of the treaty | |
| Signed | 19 February 1797 |
|---|---|
| Location | Tolentino, Papal States |
| Parties |  French Republic Papal States |
TheTreaty of Tolentino was apeace treaty betweenRevolutionary France and thePapal States, signed on 19 February 1797 and imposing terms of surrender on the Papal side. The signatories for France were theFrench Directory's Ambassador to the Holy See,François Cacault, and the rising GeneralNapoleon Bonaparte and opposite them four representatives ofPope Pius VI'scuria.
It was part of the events following theItalian campaign of 1796–1797, during theWar of the First Coalition. Having defeated the Austrians at theBattle of Mantua, at theBattle of Arcole and in theBattle of Rivoli, Bonaparte had no more enemies in northern Italy and was able to devote himself to the Papal States. Following nine months of negotiations between France and the Papal States, in February 1797 9,000 French soldiers invaded the PapalRomagna region, leaving the Pope no choice but to accept the French terms.
The treaty confirmed the harsh terms of thepreceding armistice signed at Bologna,[1] adding 15 millionlivre to the indemnity of 21 millions previously extracted from the Papal States—36 million in all. In addition, the papal city ofAvignon and its territory, theComtat Venaissin, which had been occupied by French forces at an early stage of the Revolution, were formally ceded to France - putting a definite end to half a millennium of Papal rule.[1] The papal legations ofRomagna,Ferrara, andBologna, already invaded by the French, were also ceded by the Papal States and incorporated into the newly createdCispadane Republic.[1]
The treaty also formalized the confiscation of artistic treasures from theVatican. Over a hundred paintings and other works of art were to go to theLouvre inParis. The French commissioners reserved the right to enter any building, public, religious or private, to make their choice and assessment of what was to be taken to France. This part of the treaty was extended to apply to all of Italy in 1798 by treaties with other Italian states.
Other conditions imposed on the Papal States included a compensation to the family of French journalistHugh de Basseville, killed by a crowd in Rome for having allegedly "insulted the Pope",[1] and giving consent to the stationing of French troops inAncona until the end of the war.
Of the French terms, the confiscation of artistic works - or, as many considered it, theft and plunder - came under criticism and its legitimacy questioned. Among the fiercest opponents wasQuatremère de Quincy who in 1796 wrote a pamphlet,Letters in Miranda, in which he affirmed the strong relationship between a work of art and the place in which it was intended, asserting that "eradicating the context in which the work was created irreparably impairs its legibility".
Of the confiscated works of art, a marble copy of a bronze statue ofLucius Junius Brutus remains in Paris. However, most of the works were restored after Napoleon's fall, and the main works are now located in the Vatican Gardens in Rome. The bronze statue ofLucius Junius Brutus has returned to theCapitoline Museums.
The treaty did not satisfy the French Directory, which still sought to end thetemporal power of the Holy See.[1] Just a year later, the French Army invaded the rest of the Papal States and arrested Pius VI, imposing aRoman Republic.