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Transport in Ukraine includes ground transportation (road and rail), water (sea and river), air transportation, and pipelines. The transportation sector accounts for roughly 11% of the country's gross domestic product and 7% of total employment.
In total, Ukrainian paved roads stretch for 164,732 kilometres (102,360 mi).[1] Major routes, marked with the letter 'M' for 'International' (Ukrainian:Міжнародний), extend nationwide and connect all major cities of Ukraine, and provide cross-border routes to the country's neighbours.
International maritime travel is mainly provided through thePort of Odesa, from where ferries sail regularly toIstanbul,Varna andHaifa. The largest ferry company presently operating these routes isUkrferry.[2]
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Rail transport in Ukraine connects all major urban areas, port facilities andindustrial centres with neighbouring countries. The heaviest concentration ofrailway track is theDonbas region of Ukraine. Althoughrail freight transport fell in the 1990s, Ukraine is still one of theworld's highest rail users.[3]
The total amount of railroad track in Ukraine extends for 22,473 kilometres (13,964 mi), of which 9,250 kilometres (5,750 mi) was electrified in the 2000s.[1] The state has a monopoly on the provision of passenger rail transport, and all trains, other than those with cooperation of other foreign companies on international routes, are operated by its companyUkrzaliznytsia.
Kyiv Boryspil is Ukraine's largest international airport. It has three main passenger terminals and is the base for the country's flag carrier,Ukraine International Airlines. Other large airports in the country include those inKharkiv,Lviv andDonetsk (now destroyed). In addition to its flag carrier, Ukraine has a number of airlines includingWindrose Airlines,Dniproavia,Azur Air Ukraine, andAtlasGlobal Ukraine.Antonov Airlines, a subsidiary of the Antonov Aerospace Design Bureau, was the only operator of the world's largest fixed wing aircraft, theAn-225.
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Today the transport sector inUkraine generally meets only the basic needs of the economy and population. The level of safety, quality and efficiency of passenger and freight transport, as well as the infrastructure's amount of energy usage, and the technological burden it places on the environment do not meet modern-day requirements.
Due to the low level of demand, the country's existing transit potential and advantageous geographical position is not fully utilised. There is thus a lag in the development of transport infrastructure, transport and logistics technologies andmultimodal transport. All this has made Ukraine uncompetitive as the high costs of transport across the country make the cost of production in the country uncommonly high.
The advantageous geographical position of Ukraine allows for the location of a number of International Transport Corridors on its territory, in particular :
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The share of the transport sector in Ukraine's gross domestic product (according to statista) as of 2021 was 5.42%.[4] The number of workers employed in the sector is 8% of total employment.[5] The transportation infrastructure of Ukraine is adequately developed overall, however it is obsolete and in need of major modernization. A remarkable boost in the recent development of the country's transportation infrastructure was noticed after winning the right to host a major continental sport event theUEFA Euro 2012.
In 2009, Ukrainian infrastructure provided for the transportation of 1.5 billion tons of cargo and 7.3 billion passengers. Due to the2008 financial crisis, the volume of freight traffic decreased by 17.6% in 2009 when compared with figures from 2008; passenger transport fell by 12.7%.
| Transported tons of freights | Freight kilometres (thousand) | Transported passengers (thousand) | Passenger kilometres (thousand) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2000 | 938,916.1 | 19,281,619.3 | 2,603,804.6 | 29,381,541.2 |
| 2002 | 947,263.8 | 20,593,133.1 | 3,069,136.3 | 35,812,231.1 |
| 2004 | 1,027,396.3 | 28,847,143.4 | 3,720,326.4 | 47,490,401.3 |
| 2006 | 1,167,199.6 | 40,566,469.9 | 3,987,982.2 | 53,981,705.3 |
| 2008 | 1,266,598.1 | 54,877,223.3 | 4,369,125.5 | 61,302,884.5 |
The public railways in Ukraine are managed by the state railway companyUkrzaliznytsia.[7]
The length of the railway network Ukraine ranks third in Europe (21.700 kilometres of track).
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In Ukraine, there are 4 metro systems: theKyiv Metro, theKharkiv Metro, theDnipro Metro and theKryvyi Rih Metro.
The development of public roads in Ukraine is currently lagging behind the pace of motorisation in the country. During 1990-2010 the length of the highways network hardly increased at all. The density of highways in Ukraine is 6.6 times lower than in France (respectively 0.28 and 1.84 kilometres of roads per square kilometre area of the country). The length of express roads in Ukraine is 0.28 thousand km (in Germany – 12.5 thousand kilometres in France – 7.1 thousand kilometres), and the level of funding for each kilometre of road in Ukraine is around 5.5 – 6 times less than in those locations.
This is due to a number of objective reasons, including that the burden of maintaining the transport network per capita is significantly higher than in European countries because of Ukraine's relatively lowpopulation density (76 people per square kilometre), lowpurchasing power of citizens (1/5 of theEurozone's purchasing capacity), relatively low car ownership and the nation's large territory.
The operational condition of roads is very poor; around 51.1% of roads do not meet minimum standards, and 39.2% require major rebuilds. The average speed on roads in Ukraine 2–3 times lower than in Western countries.As of 2016, many of Ukraine's major provincial highways are in very poor condition, with an Ukravtodor official stating that 97% of roads are in need of repair. The road repair budget was set at about ₴20 billion, butcorruption causes the budget to be poorly spent and overweight trucks are common place rapidly causing more road damage.[8]
Motorways in Ukraine, 193 km (120 mi) (2010):
Kyiv –Boryspil |Kharkiv –Dnipro
State Highways, 8,080 km (5,020 mi) (2009):
M01 |M02 |M03 |M04 |M05 |M06 |M07 |M08 |M09 |M10 |M11 |M12 |M13 |M14 |M15 |M16 |M17 |M18 |M19 |M20 |M21 |M22 |M23
Note:State highways are important national routes and are not necessarily high-speed roads
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The aviation section in Ukraine is developing very quickly, having recently established a visa-free program for EU nationals and citizens of a number of other 'Western' nations,[9] the nation's aviation sector is handling a significantly increased number of travellers. Additionally, the granting of theEuro 2012 football tournament to Poland and Ukraine as joint hosts has prompted the government to invest huge amounts of money into transport infrastructure, and in particular airports.[10]
Currently there are three major new airport terminals under construction inDonetsk,Lviv andKyiv, a new terminal has already opened inKharkiv and Kyiv'sBoryspil International Airport has recently begun operations at Terminal F,[11] the first of its two new international terminals. Ukraine has a number of airlines, the largest of which is the nation'sflag carrier,UIA.Antonov Airlines, a subsidiary of theAntonov Aerospace Design Bureau is the only operator of the world's largest fixed wing aircraft, theAn-225.
Donetsk Airport destroyed due to War in Donbass.
New terminal atOdesa International Airport has been opened for arrival flights on April 14, 2017.[12]
Major airports are:Kyiv Boryspil Airport,Dnipro International Airport,Kharkiv Airport,Lviv Airport,Donetsk Airport,Odesa Airport, andSimferopol Airport.
1,672 km (1,039 mi)navigable waterways on 7 rivers, most of them are onDanube,Dnieper andPripyat rivers. All Ukraine's rivers freeze over in winter (usually December through March), limiting navigation. However, rivericebreakers are available on the Dnieper, at least in vicinity ofKyiv.[13]
The most important waterway of Ukraine[citation needed].
Dnipro within Ukraine is a regulated system ofreservoirs separated bydams withshiplocks. The river is navigable through all its Ukrainian length.
Notable riverportChernobyl is now abandoned due to theChernobyl disaster, but the waterway retains its importance as part of theDnieper–Baltic Sea route.
Plans are announced to revitalize commercial freight navigation on theSouthern Bug as part of the increasinggrain export from Ukraine.[14]
As of July 2013, Ukraine had 18 "marine trade ports" available for foreign ships' entry.[15] Some of these "marine trade ports" are actually port conglomerates comprising several non-adjacent ports and tenant private terminals. Major river ports are also considered "marine" international ports.
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The natural gas transport-system can take in a maximum of 288 billion cubic meters of natural gas per year. Its annual output capacity is 178.5 billion cubic meters, including 142.2 billion to be forwarded to European countries.[23]
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