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Transparency International
Abbreviation
TI
Formation
February 9, 1993 (1993-02-09)
Founder
Laurence Cockcroft, Peter Conze, Peter Eigen, Fritz Heimann, Michael Hershman, Kamal Hossain, Gerald Parfitt, Jeremy Pope, Roy Stacy, Frank Vogl, Obiageli "Aby" Ezekwesili
An important moment in its history was in 1995 when TI developed theCorruption Perceptions Index (CPI). The CPI ranks nations on the prevalence of corruption within each country, based upon surveys of business people. The CPI was subsequently published annually. It was initially criticized for poor methodology and unfair treatment of developing nations, while also being praised for highlighting corruption.[21]
Transparency International is the global civil society organization leading the fight against corruption. It brings people together in a powerful worldwide coalition to end the devastating impact of corruption on men, women and children around the world. TI's mission is to create change towards a world free of corruption.[22]
The organization defines corruption asthe abuse of entrusted power for private gain which eventually hurts everyone who depends on the integrity of people in a position of authority.[23] It develops tools for fighting corruption and works with other civil society organizations, companies and governments to implement them. Since 1995, TI has issued an annualCorruption Perceptions Index (CPI); it also publishes aGlobal Corruption Report, aGlobal Corruption Barometer, and a Bribe Payers Index. In the years leading up to 2030, Transparency International is dedicated to leading the global fight against corruption via its strategy: "Holding Power to Account – A Global Strategy Against Corruption 2021-2030". It sets out how the Movement aims to contribute to "a more positive future; a world in which power is held to account, for the common good".[24]
The Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) ranks countries and territories based on how corrupt their public sector is perceived to be. It is a composite index – a combination of polls – drawing on corruption-related data collected by a variety of reputable institutions. The CPI reflects the views of observers from around the world.[3]
The Corruption Perceptions Index has been criticised for measuringperception and not "reality". The creators of the index argue that "perceptions matter in their own right, since... firms and individuals take actions based on perceptions".[25] According to the newspaperLe Monde: "In its main surveys, Transparency International does not measure the weight of corruption in economic terms for each country. It develops a Corruption Perception Index (CPI) based on surveys conducted by private structures or other NGOs: theEconomist Intelligence Unit, backed by the British liberal weekly newspaperThe Economist, the American neoconservative organizationFreedom House, theWorld Economic Forum, or large corporations. (...) The CPI ignores corruption cases that concern the business world. So, the collapse ofLehman Brothers (2008) or the manipulation of the money market reference rate (Libor) by major British banks revealed in 2011 did not affect the ratings of theUnited States orUnited Kingdom." A common counter argument is that it is not plausible to ever measure the true scale and depth of a highly complex issue like corruption with a single number, and then rank countries accordingly.[26]
First held in 1983, the International Anti-Corruption Conference (IACC) is a series of internationalconferences organised by the IACC Council, in association with local governments and organisations, with TI as its secretariat.[27] The conferences take place every two years in different countries.
Since 2016, TI has partnered with theOrganized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project (OCCRP). The partnership enables knowledge and evidence gathered through OCCRP's corruption investigations to inform TI's policy and legal advocacy.[28] The programme is co-funded by three governments, including the US, and private donors.[29]
TheGlobal Corruption Barometer (GCB) is a survey that asks citizens about their direct personal experience of corruption in their daily lives.[30]
TheGlobal Corruption Report picks a specific topic like corruption in climate change for example and provides in-depth research.[31]
National integrity system assessments are designed to provide comprehensive analysis on a given country's mechanisms to fight corruption.[32]
TheGovernment Defence Integrity Index first published in 2013 measures corruption in the defence sector of 82 countries.[33] Some governments have expressed criticism towards the methodology of the report. TI defended the report and stressed the importance of transparency in the military sector. The plan was to publish the index every two years.[34]
TheBribe Payers Index (BPI) first published in 1999 which ranked nations according to the perceived likelihood that a country'smultinational corporations would offer bribes.[21] The last edition was released in 2011 after which the project was closed for funding reasons.[35] TheJournal of Business Ethics states "Bribery in international business transactions can be seen as a function of not only the demand for such bribes in different countries, but the supply, or willingness to provide bribes by multinational firms and their representatives. This study addresses the propensity of firms from 30 different countries to engage in international bribery".[36]
TheExporting Corruption report first published in 2005. It is a research report that rates the bribery-related performance of leading global exporters, including countries that are signatories ofOECD Anti-Bribery Convention.[37]
Transparency International consists of chapters – locally established, independent organizations – that address corruption in their respective countries. In Transparency International, the collective of chapters is referred to as "The Movement". As chapters are staffed with local experts they are ideally placed to determine the priorities and approaches best suited to tackling corruption in their countries. This work ranges from visiting rural communities to provide free legal support to advising their government on policy reform. From small bribes to large-scale looting, corruption differs from country to country. Corruption does however not stop at national borders. The chapters play a crucial role in shaping its collective work and realising its regional and global goals. The ambition is for chapters to be self funded and autonomous. Correspondingly, the Secretariat in Berlin is called a Secretariat to differentiate it from a Headquarter.[38]
The Secretariat based in Berlin is responsible for global operations whereas chapters are autonomous and responsible for work in their own respective countries. Maíra Martini took office as CEO of the Secretariat on 1 February 2025. She previously held the position of Head of Policy and Advocacy at the Secretariat.[39][38]The Movement is officially lead by the annual membership meeting of all the chapters. Between membership meetings, the TI Board of Directors lead the Movement, but delegate aspects to the CEO.[2] TI's leadership structure includes an "International council", a group of individuals with extensive experience in TI's work. Drawn from diverse geographical, cultural and professional backgrounds, council members are appointed by the TI board of directors to advise them and to support the work of the organization as a whole.[18]
TI Croatia: Due to a "lack of confidence", TI's chapter inCroatia was disaccredited by the organization's board of directors in November 2015.[42] The previous year, several leaders of the Croatia chapter challenged the legality of the chapter president's election. The president was accused of falsifying records,conflicts of interest, and arbitrarily expelling 10 chapter members who opposed the hiring of staff against the organization's rules. The Croatian government eventually revoked the president's appointment.[43]
TI USA: In January 2017, the TI Secretariat confirmed that its International Board of Directors decided on 10 January 2017 to strip its US affiliate – Transparency International USA – of its accreditation as the National Chapter in the United States.[10]The stated basis for the dis-accreditation was the board's recognition of differences in philosophies, strategies, and priorities between the former chapter and the Transparency International Movement. Elsewhere, it was reported that TI-USA came to be seen in the United States as a corporate front group, funded by multinational corporations. TI-USA's funding was provided byBechtel Corporation, Deloitte, Google,Pfizer ($50,000 or more),Citigroup, ExxonMobil, Fluor,General Electric,Lockheed Martin, Marsh & McLennan,PepsiCo,PricewaterhouseCoopers,Raytheon, Realogy, Tyco ($25,000–$49,999), and Freeport-McMoRan andJohnson & Johnson (up to $24,999).[44] TI-USA previously awarded an annual corporate leadership award to one of its big corporate funders. In 2016, this award went to Bechtel. In April 2015 the Secretariat defended the decision by TI-USA to giveHillary Clinton its Integrity Award in 2012.[45]
A new TI USA Chapter was created January 1, 2020.[46]
According to their donation policy, TI receives funding from a range of donors, including government agencies, multilateral institutions, foundations, the private sector and individuals. Funding may be unrestricted or tied to specific projects or programmes. It is their policy to accept funding – whether monetary or in kind – from any donor, provided that acceptance does not impair the independence to pursue their mission or endanger the integrity and reputation. The funding sources vary between chapters and the Secretariat. Some chapters rely heavily on financial support from small private donations. The Secretariat and Chapters have independent fundraising efforts and the intention is for Chapters not to be financially dependent on the Secretariat.[47]
In January 2015 it was reported that TI accepted $3 million from a foundation set up by the German engineering multinationalSiemens. Siemens had established the foundation subsequent to paying one of the largest corporate corruption fines in 2008[48] in history – $1.6 billion – for bribing government officials in numerous countries. In 2014, the Siemens Integrity Initiative funded a project at TI after pleading guilty in 2008 to bribery charges relating to widespread corrupt practices in Greece, Norway, Iraq, Vietnam, Italy, Israel, Argentina, Venezuela, China and Russia.[49] TI applied for and received the project funding from the Siemens Integrity Initiative. At the time, this was controversial as TI's due diligence procedures[50] prohibit the organization from accepting money from corporations that want to "greenwash" their reputations by making donations to TI. "If any corporate donor is accused of having been involved in corruption, the donor can expect no protection from TI," the procedures state. Transparency International received the funding from the Siemens Integrity Initiative[51] about a year after the Siemens foundation hired a TI staff member from their EU office. This raised media questions of a "revolving door" that could benefit both the organization and the company. According to 'Corporate Crime Reporter' who reported extensively on the case, several of TI's national chapters also have accepted money from the Siemens Integrity Initiative: $660,000 for TI USA, $600,000 for TI Italy, $450,000 for TI Bulgaria, and $230,000 for TI Mexico – each for a period of three years. TI's then managing director,Cobus de Swardt, said, "We did not file an application to Siemens, we applied to the Siemens Integrity Initiative. There's a difference."[52][53][54] The project funded by the Siemens Integrity Initiative over multiple years was called "Integrity Pact" and was deemed a significant success upon its completion. It focused on building national capacities to strengthengovernment procurement practices across multiple countries to prevent the kind of corruption that Siemens had engaged in. The model applied is now a format for government procurement worldwide. Transparency International argues that the seed funding from the Siemens Integrity Initiative has had significant positive impact in ensuring transparency in government procurement around there world and thereby limiting corruption risk.[55]
At its annual members' meeting in November 2013 in Berlin, TI's national chapters from Germany and Ireland proposed a resolution calling for the "end of the prosecution ofEdward J. Snowden... He should be recognized as awhistleblower for his help to reveal the over-reaching and unlawful surveillance by secret services...He symbolizes the courage of numerous other whistleblowers around the world."[56] The final resolution that was passed by the plenary excluded any reference to Snowden, and excluded a call for "comprehensive protection on whistleblowers from all forms of retaliation". The original resolution was weakened following the intervention of the TI USA.[57] Five months earlier, in June 2013, representatives from TI met Snowden at the Moscow airport, where he asked for political asylum in Russia.[58]
In August 2015 former TI staffer Anna Buzzoni went public regarding retaliation she and her colleagues faced after reporting to managers questionable financial dealings at TI's Water Integrity Network.[59] Two of Buzzoni's project responsibilities were suspended and she was transferred against her will. She left TI shortly before internal whistleblower guidelines were adopted in June 2014.[60]
2017–21 reports of toxic culture at the Berlin Secretaratiat
In 2017,Cobus de Swardt stood down as TI's managing director, following a dispute with the organisation's board of directors. De Swardt agreed a settlement with TI in a Labour Court in Berlin.[61] In August 2019, accounts from seven current and former TI Secretariat staff were reported inThe Guardian alleging a "toxic" workplace culture at the organisation.[62] In 2021, de Swardt published a book accusing TI ofabuse of power and of silencing him as a whistleblower in is former role as executive director.[63] De Swardt also presented a video published on YouTube by his publisher,Springer, criticising TI.[64]
De Swardt's successor,Patricia Moreira, left in 2020 after making similar accusations to those of De Swardt, accusing the Board of failing to protect her as a whistleblower. The German newspaperFrankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung reported that TI dismissed Moreira "without giving any reasons".[65] The article added that, "dozens of employees, including high-ranking ones, have left the organisation in recent years. Even long-standing and deeply committed employees complain that TI is involved in political intrigues in which some are only interested in their own progress."[65] An investigator contracted by Moreira stated in a report that TI board's handling of the complaints process was beset byconflicts of interest and failed to address allegations of misconduct made against the board by Moreira.[66]
Following the departure of Moreira,Daniel P. Eriksson was appointed interim managing director in March 2020,[2] and became CEO a year later.[67] During his term leading up to January 2025, the organisation culture and work environment improved significantly.[68][69]
Some sources have questioned the political impartiality and transparency of TI Brazil, based on conversations of prosecutors inOperation Car Wash, leaked toThe Intercept following a hack.[70][71] Members in the chat group included chief prosecutorDeltan Dallagnol as well as the head of TI Brazil. The chat group included posts on a "backstage campaign" to "disarm resistance on the left", fund selected candidates, and target others, seen as adversaries, using social media. Plans extended to preparing a series of false accusations ("denúncias sem materialidade") intended to damage the reputation of former president and potential candidateLuiz Inácio Lula da Silva, and lead up to a chat in which participants celebrate the election ofJair Bolsonaro.[72][73] In April 2022,Tribunal de Contas da União announced that it had opened an investigation against TI in relation to the imprisonment ofLula da Silva.[74]
