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| Japanese writing |
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| Transliteration |
In contemporaryJapanese writing, foreign-language loanwords and foreign names are normally written in thekatakana script, which is one component of the Japanese writing system. As far as possible, sounds in the source language are matched to the nearest sounds in the Japanese language, and the result istranscribed using standard katakana characters, each of which represents one syllable (strictlymora). For example,America is written アメリカ (A-me-ri-ka). To accommodate various foreign-language sounds not present in Japanese, a system of extended katakana has also developed to augment standard katakana.
A much less common form of transcription,Ateji, useskanji characters for their phonetic values.
Since Japanese has few closed syllables, syllable-final consonants in the source language are often represented using the-u (or sometimes-o or-i) kanas with implicitly silent vowels – though this vowel often is pronounced in Japanese – or thesyllable coda is not represented at all. For example, the nameJim is written ジム (Ji-mu). A similar principle applies to consonant clusters; for examplespring would be transcribed as スプリング (su-pu-ri-n-gu), andscratch would be transcribed as スクラッチ (su-ku-ra-tchi).
Japanese has only five native vowel sounds, each a pure vowel (monophthong) with a long and short form, and some degree of approximation is necessary when representing vowels from, for example,English.Diphthongs are represented by vowel sequences, as in ブラウンBu-ra-u-n "Brown", ナイスna-i-su "nice", ディアdi-a "dear/deer", レアre-a "rare". etc. The English spelling <ore> (phonologically /ɔː/ (RP) or /ɔːr/ (GA)) is usually "diphthongized" aso-a in Japanese (e.g. コアko-a "core"), possibly because it is also pronounced as a diphthong (/oə/) in some accents of English. English /eɪ/ is transcribed to eithere-e (エースe-e-su "ace") ore-i (スペインSu-pe-i-n "Spain"); similarly, /əʊ/ is transcribed to eithero-o (ショーsho-o "show") oro-u (シャドウsha-do-u "shadow").
Long vowels are generally written with ー to indicate lengthening, as in コーラkōra (cola), rather than writing a distinct vowel ×コウラ *koura. There are two irregularities of note here. Firstly, lengthening of the final vowel may be ambiguous, and vary over time or between users. For example, in present Japan, "computer" is generally represented as コンピューターkonpyūtā (long final), but in some cases, such as the computer industry, followingJapanese Industrial Standards, it is represented as コンピュータkonpyūta (short final).[1] Secondly, in modern Chinese loanwords, notably food names, in careful transcription diphthongs are represented by separate vowels, even if in Japanese they would appear to be a long vowel; this is particularly common withòu, especially in 豆dòu "(soy) bean", usually rendered as トウ. Further, long vowels in the Japanese transcription need not reflect Chinese pronunciation. For example, the dish 東坡肉 "Dongpo pork", inpinyindōngpōròu (dōng·pō·ròu), is represented in Japanese as ドンポーロウdonpōrou, or more commonly トンポーロウtonpōrou. Note that in Chinese pinyinō represents a high tone, while in Japaneseō represents a long vowel, and /d/ is pronounced differently (Chinese /d/ is similar to Japanese or English /t/). This distinction is not always followed, and varies by term: the spelling トンポーローtonpōrō is also common; and in terms such as 回鍋肉twice cooked pork, the spelling ホイコーロー is more common, despite representing diphthongs.
Although the diphthong /au/ across languages is usually transcribed as アウa-u, local reading transcriptions of the same sequence from Mandarin, represented in both Wade–Giles and Pinyin asao are represented as アオa-o instead, again in more of a manner of transliteration based on these systems - e.g. マオ・ツォートンma-o tso-o-to-n (Mao Zedong).
Japanese does not have separatel andr sounds, andl- is normally transcribed using the kana that are perceived as representingr-.[2] For example,London becomes ロンドン (Ro-n-do-n). Other sounds not present in Japanese may be converted to the nearest Japanese equivalent; for example, the nameSmith is written スミス (Su-mi-su). Foreign sounds can be difficult to express in Japanese, resulting in spellings such as フルシチョフFurushichofu (Khrushchev), アリー・ハーメネイーArī Hāmeneī (Ali Khamenei) and イツハク・パールマンItsuhaku Pāruman or イツァーク・パールマンItsāku Pāruman (Itzhak Perlman).
The phoneme /v/ in various languages is transcribed either tob orv, although it is unknown whether there is such an equivalent phoneme /v/ in Japanese.[clarification needed] For example, ベネチアBenechia / ヴェネツィアVe-ne-tsi-a "Venezia" (Italian for "Venice"), オーバーo-o-ba-a "over", ラブra-bu / ラヴravu "love".
Wa is usually written as ワ, although ウァ is sometimes used in transcriptions from Ancient Greek or Latin (e.g. ミネルウァMi-ne-ru-wa "Minerva").
Geminated consonants are typically transcribed consistently and faithfully, asgemination is also featured in Japanese. The only notable exceptions are /rr/ and /ɲɲ/, although /ll/ and /ʎʎ/ are still transcribed. Examples:Arabic:الله,romanized: Allāh is アッラーフA-r-ra-a-fu;ItalianDonatello is ドナテッロDo-na-te-r-ro; Italiandegli is デッリde-r-ri; but ItalianVerrocchio is simply ヴェロッキオVe-ro-k-ki-o, not *Ve-r-ro-k-ki-o. Italian /ɲɲ/ may be transcribed as the lengthened portion of the preceding vowel and a sequence of /nj/. For example,Sardegna is サルデーニャSa-ru-de-e-nya.
Plain short consonants may be transcribed as geminated consonants to reflect thelaxness of the preceding vowel, although this is not universal and there are plenty of exceptions. For example: Englishkick is キックki-k-ku andcastle is キャッスルkya-s-su-ru, butextra is エクストラe-ku-su-to-ra andbattle is バトルba-to-ru. This practice expands to almost all Englishobstruents regardless of theirvoicing (/k/, /ɡ/, /s/, /z/, /f/, etc.), also to German/Scots /x/, occasionally to /n/ and /m/ (as pseudo-geminated consonant sequences /nn/ or /nm/). For example: Englishbag is バ(ッ)グba-(g)-gu; EnglishAnna is アンナA-n-na; Englishgamma is ガンマga-n-ma; Englishshuffle is シャッフルsha-f-fu-ru; GermanMach is マッハma-h-ha,Masoch is マゾッホMa-zo-h-ho.
German [x] is transcribed roughly ash-h, accordingly to its preceding vowel, if it's not followed by a vowel (e.g. マッハma-h-ha "Mach", バッハBa-h-ha "Bach", マゾッホMa-zo-h-ho "Masoch"); [ç], its allophone occurring only after high vowels and consonants, are ash if followed by a vowel (e.g. メルヘンme-ru-hen "Märchen"), or ashi if not (e.g. リヒターRi-hi-ta-a "Richter"). Russian /x/ is transcribed asfu if not followed by a vowel (e.g. カザフスタンKa-za-fu-su-ta-n "Kazakhstan"). Mandarin [ɕ] (in pinyinx(i)) is transcribed assh (e.g. シャオshao from 小xiǎo "little").
Similar to the way speakers of English say Italian words, Japanese does not usually transcribe the Italian glide /j/ to reflect its true nature, but as /i/, perhaps for consistency and convenience. For example,Venezia is ヴェネツィアVe-ne-tsi-a,Sicilia is シチリアShi-chi-ri-a. Contemporary transcriptions of palatalized consonants from Slavic languages, however, are made usingyōon, e.g.: Russian ピャチゴルスクPya-chi-go-ru-su-ku (Pyatigorsk), Polish ビェルスコ=ビャワBye-ru-su-ko=bya-wa (Bielsko-Biała).
In modern times, an extended katakana system has developed to cater for foreign sounds not present in Japanese. Most of these novel katakana forms aredigraphs, composed of standard katakana characters, but in digraph combinations not found in native words. For example, the wordphoto is transcribed as フォト (fo-to), where the novel digraph フォ (fo) is made up from フ (normallyfu) plus a novel small combining form of オ (normallyo). In other cases novel diacritics may be applied to create new sounds, such as ヴ forvu, which consists of ウ (u) combined with adakuten to indicate avoiced pronunciation.
Japanese is written without spaces between words, and, to aid understanding, foreign phrases and names are sometimes transliterated with aninterpunct separating the words, called anakaguro (中黒;middle dot); for example,ビル・ゲイツ (Bill Gates). When it is assumed that the reader knows the separategairaigo words in the phrase, the middle dot is omitted, especially forwasei eigo. For example, the phraseコンピューターゲームkonpyūtā gēmu ("computer game") contains two well-known gairaigo, and therefore is not written with a middle dot; the same principle is applied forパンティストッキングpanti sutokkingu ("pantyhose", lit. "panty stocking"), Japanese coinage.
Because Japanese is written with relatively complexKanji characters, Japanese text must generally be written larger for legibility. Furthermore, as both Kanji andKana are traditionally of equal width and height, Japanese characters are generally much larger than Latin characters. As Kanji are logographic and Kana encode entire syllables (or rather,morae), the higher information density of Japanese writing usually evens out with the larger text so that Japanese and English texts take about the same amount of space, but challenges arise with foreign consonant clusters incompatible withJapanese phonotactics and the Kana system. For example, the wordremote control becomes the cumbersome リモートコントロール (ri-mō-to-ko-n-to-rō-ru) in Japanese. Here, additional vowels are added between[t] and[k], between[t] and[ɾ], and after[ɾ] at the word's end, and the vowels ofmo andro have been lengthened to mimic the English pronunciation. These additional sounds not only add to the word's length when spoken, but it also severely bloats the word when written. As such, the word is typically shortened to simply リモコン (ri-mo-ko-n) in modern Japanese speech and writing.
The English schwa /ə/ is variously "transcribed" toa,e,o, depending on the English spelling (this is more oftransliteration than it is transcription). For example, デュアルdyu-a-ru "dual", デュエルdyu-e-ru "duel", テスタメントTe-su-ta-me-n-to "Testament", ロンドンRo-n-do-n "London". There are no definite rules when it comes to the schwa, however; e.g. ランダムra-n-da-mu "random", オープンo-o-pu-n "open", ザza "the". The British /ə/ which is equivalent to the North American /ɚ/ is transcribed to a(-a); e.g. コンピュータ(ー) ko-n-pyu-u-ta(-a) "computer", モーターmo-o-ta-a "motor". On the other hand, the French schwa is transcribed tou oro (e.g. ソムリエso-mu-ri-e "sommelier", ドdo "de") similarly to instances where there's a lack of vowels, and the German schwa is almost always transcribed toe (e.g. アルベルトA-ru-be-ru-to "Albert", ウンディーネun-di-i-ne "undine").
English /æ/ is typically transcribed toa; e.g.マップ (mappu, map). The sequences /kæ/ and /ɡæ/ are sometimes transcribed tokya andgya respectively; e.g.キャビン (kyabin, cabin),ギャラリー (gyararī, gallery).[3]
The older English suffix-age /-ɪdʒ/ is always transcribed to-e-e-ji as if it were pronounced as /eɪdʒ/ as in "age" or "rage"; e.g. メッセージme-s-se-e-ji "message", パッケージpa-k-ke-e-ji "package". The more recent-age /-ɑːʒ/ is more "properly" transcribed to-a-a-ju; e.g. ミラージュmi-ra-a-ju "mirage". However, "garage" /gəˈrɑːʒ/ is more commonly transcribed to ガレージga-re-e-ji as it also has /ˈgærɪdʒ/ as an alternative pronunciation inBritish English.
English /ti(ː)/ and /tɪ/ is typically transcribed to チchi (e.g. チームchīmu "team"), but ティti is also used (ティアtia "tear"). The suffix-tic can be transcribed to either チック-chikku or ティック-tikku. However,-ty is almost always transcribed to ティ(ー)-ti(i), not *チ(ー) *-chi(i) (e.g. パーティーpātī "party", インフィニティinfiniti "infinity").
The Englishvoiceless labialized velar approximant /hw/ (orthographicallywh), which is a distinct phoneme from /w/ in some varieties of English, can be transcribed asho(w)-. For example,White is ホワイトHowaito,whale is ホエールhoēru.
Modern English compounds are usually transcribed in a way that reflects the independent pronunciations of the individual components. That is to say, there is no phonetic linking between components. For example, "overall" is transcribed as オーバーオールo-o-ba-a-o-o-ru, not *o-o-ba-a-ro-o-ru as it is pronounced in English. However, there are a few exceptions, such as "pineapple", which is transcribed as パイナップルpa-i-na-p-pu-ru, or "double-u", as ダブリューda-bu-ryu-u.
French vowels are usuallyphonemically transcribed, but non-phonemicstressed vowels (utterance-final) are sometimes also transcribed as long vowels. Compare the examples of メゾンme-zo-n "maison" and カレーka-re-e "Calais", in which the same vowel /ɛ/ is transcribed ase ande-e depending on whether it is stressed or not. The French schwa is ignored altogether: words are usually transcribed as if there were no schwa at all. For example, the word "le" is transcribed as ルru, as is the single sound /l/ in "cheval" > シュヴァルshuvaru.
French /w/ is typically transcribed asu, but the sequence /wa/ is aso-(w)a (e.g. ポアロPo-a-ro "Poirot").
Although a syllable-final /n/ is typically transcribed using the moraic ンn, ン is used in French to transcribe nasalized vowels, so French words with a final /n/ often use ヌnu instead for distinction, e.g. マドレーヌMa-do-re-e-nu "Madeleine". This is especially the case when the masculine and feminine of a word are distinct in French, e.g.bon --> ボンbo-n, vs.bonne --> ボンヌbo-n-nu (then is sometimes doubled, especially when the French orthography uses twon, even if it has no consequence in the French pronunciation).
The German /v/ (orthographicallyw) can be transcribed in several ways. In long-established words, it is generallyw. E.g.:Walküre "valkyrie" > ワルキューレwa-ru-kyu-u-re. In newer transcriptions, it can also bev. E.g.:Schwestern "sisters" > シュヴェスタンshu-ve-su-tan. The schwa/ə/, spelte, is transcribed ase, as in the aforementionedwa-ru-kyu-u-re.
The following tables give theHepburn romanization and an approximateIPA transcription for katakana as used in contemporary Japanese. Their use in transcription is, of course, in the inverse direction.
| Monographs (gojūon) | Digraphs (yōon) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a | i | u | e | o | ya | yu | yo | |
| ∅ | ア a[a] | イ i[i] | ウ u[ɯ] | エ e[e][n 1] | オ o[o] | |||
| K | カ ka[ka] | キ ki[ki] | ク ku[kɯ] | ケ ke[ke] | コ ko[ko] | キャ kya[kʲa] | キュ kyu[kʲɯ] | キョ kyo[kʲo] |
| S | サ sa[sa] | シ shi[ɕi] | ス su[sɯ] | セ se[se] | ソ so[so] | シャ sha[ɕa] | シュ shu[ɕɯ] | ショ sho[ɕo] |
| T | タ ta[ta] | チ chi[t͡ɕi] | ツ tsu[t͡sɯ] | テ te[te] | ト to[to] | チャ cha[t͡ɕa] | チュ chu[t͡ɕɯ] | チョ cho[t͡ɕo] |
| N | ナ na[na] | ニ ni[ɲi] | ヌ nu[nɯ] | ネ ne[ne] | ノ no[no] | ニャ nya[ɲa] | ニュ nyu[ɲɯ] | ニョ nyo[ɲo] |
| H | ハ ha[ha] | ヒ hi[çi] | フ fu[ɸɯ] | ヘ he[he] | ホ ho[ho] | ヒャ hya[ça] | ヒュ hyu[çɯ] | ヒョ hyo[ço] |
| M | マ ma[ma] | ミ mi[mi] | ム mu[mɯ] | メ me[me] | モ mo[mo] | ミャ mya[mʲa] | ミュ myu[mʲɯ] | ミョ myo[mʲo] |
| Y | ヤ ya[ja] | [n 2] | ユ yu[jɯ] | [n 3] | ヨ yo[jo] | |||
| R | ラ ra[ɾa] | リ ri[ɾi] | ル ru[ɾɯ] | レ re[ɾe] | ロ ro[ɾo] | リャ rya[ɾʲa] | リュ ryu[ɾʲɯ] | リョ ryo[ɾʲo] |
| W | ワ wa[wa] | [n 4] | [n 2] | [n 4] | ヲ wo[wo][n 4] | |||
| Monographs with diacritics:gojūon with (han)dakuten | Digraphs with diacritics:yōon with (han)dakuten | |||||||
| a | i | u | e | o | ya | yu | yo | |
| G | ガ ga[ɡa] | ギ gi[ɡi] | グ gu[ɡɯ] | ゲ ge[ɡe] | ゴ go[ɡo] | ギャ gya[ɡʲa] | ギュ gyu[ɡʲɯ] | ギョ gyo[ɡʲo] |
| Z | ザ za[(d)za] | ジ ji[(d)ʑi] | ズ zu[(d)zɯ] | ゼ ze[(d)ze] | ゾ zo[(d)zo] | ジャ ja[(d)ʑa] | ジュ ju[(d)ʑɯ] | ジョ jo[(d)ʑo] |
| D | ダ da[da] | [n 5] | [n 5] | デ de[de] | ド do[do] | [n 5] | [n 5] | [n 5] |
| B | バ ba[ba] | ビ bi[bi] | ブ bu[bɯ] | ベ be[be] | ボ bo[bo] | ビャ bya[bʲa] | ビュ byu[bʲɯ] | ビョ byo[bʲo] |
| P | パ pa[pa] | ピ pi[pi] | プ pu[pɯ] | ペ pe[pe] | ポ po[po] | ピャ pya[pʲa] | ピュ pyu[pʲɯ] | ピョ pyo[pʲo] |
| Final nasal monograph | Polysyllabic monographs | |||||||
| n | iu | koto | shite | toki | tomo | nari | ||
| * | ン n [mnɲŋɴɰ̃] |  iu[jɯː] | ヿ koto[koto] |  shite[ɕite] |  / toki[toki] |  tomo[tomo] |  nari[naɾi] | |
| * | ゙ domo[domo] | |||||||
| Functional graphemes | ||||||||
| sokuonfu | chōonpu | odoriji (monosyllable) | odoriji (polysyllable) | |||||
| * | ッ (indicates ageminate consonant) | ー (indicates a long vowel) | ヽ (reduplicates and unvoices syllable) | 〱 (reduplicates and unvoices syllable) | ||||
| * | ヾ (reduplicates and voices syllable) | 〱゙ (reduplicates and voices syllable) | ||||||
| * | ヽ゚ (reduplicates and voices syllable) | 〱゚ (reduplicates and voices syllable) | ||||||
Notes
The following katakanatokushuon (特殊音)[4] have been developed or proposed specifically for the purposes of transcribing foreign words. Examples such as トゥ(tu) in カートゥーン(cartoon), ティ(ti) in パーティ(party), ツァ (tsa) in モーツァルト(Mozart) are found mostly in foreign words.
| Orange | General kana combinations used for loanwords or foreign place names or personal names, set forth by theJapanese government'sMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT, Monbushō).[5] |
| *Blue | Combinations used for more accurate transliteration of foreign sounds, again set forth by MEXT.[clarification needed] |
| †Beige | Suggestions by theAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI Z39.11)[6] and theBritish Standards Institution (BS 4812),[7] both are identical and from 1972.[clarification needed] Attention: In these old standards obsolete kanas like ヰ(wi) and ヱ(we) are still included, same for ヷ(va), ヸ(vi), ヹ(ve), ヺ(vo). |
| ‡Purple | Combinations that appear in the 1974 version of theHyōjun-shiki formatting.[8] |
| a | i | u | e | o | ya | yu | ye | yo | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| K | キェ kye† | |||||||||
| Kw | クヮ kwa* | クィ kwi* | クェ kwe* | クォ kwo* | ||||||
| G | ギェ gye† | |||||||||
| Gw | グヮ gwa* | グィ gwi† | グェ gwe† | グォ gwo† | ||||||
| S | スィ si‡ | シェ she | ||||||||
| Z J | ズィ zi‡ | ジェ je | ||||||||
| T | ティ ti | トゥ tu* | テュ tyu* | チェ che | ||||||
| Ts | ツァ tsa | ツィ tsi* | ツェ tse | ツォ tso | ||||||
| D | ディ di | ドゥ du* | デュ dyu | |||||||
| N | ニェ nye† | |||||||||
| H | ホゥ hu‡ | ヒェ hye† | ||||||||
| F | ファ fa | フィ fi | フェ fe | フォ fo | フャ fya† | フュ fyu* | フィェ fye† | フョ fyo† | ||
| B | ビェ bye† | |||||||||
| P | ピェ pye† | |||||||||
| M | ミェ mye† | |||||||||
| Y | イィ yi‡ | イェ ye* | ||||||||
| R | リェ rye† | |||||||||
| W | ウィ wi* | ウゥ wu‡ | ウェ we* | ウォ wo* | ウュ wyu† | |||||
| V | (ヷ)ヴァ va* | (ヸ)ヴィ vi* | ヴ vu* | (ヹ)ヴェ ve* | (ヺ)ヴォ vo* | ヴャ vya† | ヴュ vyu* | ヴィェ vye† | ヴョ vyo† | |
| English phonemes | Common Englishgraphemes | Japanese transcription in modifiedHepburn romanization | Examples | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Received Pronunciation | General American | If the English consonant isprevocalic and notpostvocalic | If the English consonant isintervocalic | If the English consonant is not prevocalic | ||
| /æ/ | ⟨a⟩; ⟨ae⟩; ⟨al⟩; ⟨au⟩ | a; ā | ハンドhando "hand"; ラムramu "ram", "RAM"; サモンsamon, サーモンsāmon "salmon" Exception:エンドendo "and" | |||
| /ɒ/;/ɔː/ | /ɑː/;/ɔː/ | ⟨a⟩; ⟨ach⟩; ⟨au⟩; ⟨o⟩; ⟨ou⟩ | o; a; ō | ノックnokku "knock"; ショップshoppu "shop";オラクルorakuru "oracle"; ウォリアーworiā, ウォーリアーwōriā "warrior"; ウォッチwotchi "watch"; ヨットyotto "yacht"; ツモローtsumorō, トゥモローtumorō "tomorrow"; コロンビアKoronbia "Colombia"; サッカーsakkā "soccer"; カレッジkarejji "college"; カクテルkakuteru "cocktail"; カリフラワーkarifurawā "cauliflower"; バレーボールbarēbōru "volleyball"; ライノセラスrainoserasu "rhinoceros"; ドールdōru "doll"; ウォーターwōtā "water"; ゴーグルgōguru "goggle"; トーマスTōmasu "Thomas" | ||
| /ɑː/ | /æ/;/ɑː/ | ⟨a⟩; ⟨al⟩; ⟨au⟩ | ā, a | アーントānto "aunt"; ハーフhāfu "half"; バスbasu "bath"; ファストfasuto, ファーストfāsuto "fast"; シカゴShikago "Chicago"; ダンスdansu "dance" | ||
| /ɑː(ɹ)/ | /ɑːɹ/ | ⟨ar⟩; ⟨ear⟩; ⟨er⟩ | ār; a | ā | カーkā "car"; マーカーmākā "marker"; ハートhāto "heart"; サージェントsājento "sergeant"; マーマレードmāmarēdo, ママレードmamarēdo "marmalade" | |
| /aɪ/ | ⟨ai⟩; ⟨ei⟩; ⟨eigh⟩; ⟨i⟩; ⟨ic⟩; ⟨ie⟩; ⟨igh⟩; ⟨is⟩; ⟨oy⟩; ⟨uy⟩; ⟨y⟩; ⟨ye⟩ | ai | ハイhai "high", "hi"; ライトraito "right", "light"; ガイgai "guy"; ガイドgaido "guide"; スタイルsutairu "style"; ハイトhaito "height" | |||
| /aɪə(ɹ)/ | /aɪɚ/;/aɪ/ | ⟨ia(r)⟩; ⟨igher⟩; ⟨ire⟩; ⟨iro⟩ | aiar; aiyar | aia; aiā; aiya; aiyā | ファイアーfaiā, ファイヤーfaiyā "fire";アイアンaian "iron"; ダイアリーdaiarī, ダイヤリーdaiyarī "diary"; ダイヤモンドdaiyamondo "diamond" Exceptions:アイルランドAirurando "Ireland";アイロンairon "iron" | |
| /aɪl/ | /l/ | ⟨ile⟩ | airu, uru, oru | ミサイルmisairu "missile"; レプタイルreputairu, レプトルreputoru "reptile" | ||
| /aʊ/ | ⟨au⟩; ⟨ou⟩; ⟨ough⟩; ⟨ow⟩ | au; a | タウンtaun "town"; ダウンdaun "down"; プラウpurau "plough", "plow"; ファウンデーションfaundēshon, ファンデーションfandēshon "foundation" | |||
| /aʊə(ɹ)/ | /aʊɚ/ | ⟨our⟩; ⟨ower⟩ | awār | awā | パワーpawā "power";アワーawā "our", "hour" | |
| /b/ | ⟨b⟩; ⟨bb⟩; ⟨be⟩; ⟨pb⟩ | b | b; bb | bu; bbu | ベンチbenchi "bench"; バッブルbabburu "bubble"; ラブrabu "lab";ブラザーburazā "brother";ブレイクBureiku "Blake" Exception: カップボードkappubōdo "cupboard" | |
| /d/ | ⟨d⟩; ⟨dd⟩; ⟨de⟩ | d | d; dd; j | do; ddo; zu; zzu; tto | デスdesu "death"; ベッドbeddo "bed"; サンデーSandē "Sunday";ドゥームdūmu "doom";ドラゴンdoragon "dragon"; キッドkiddo, キッズkizzu "kid"; リドラーRidorā "Riddler"; ゼットzetto "zed"; アンデッドandeddo, アンデットandetto "undead"; エジソンEjison, エディソンEdison, エディスンEdisun "Edison"; クレジットkurejitto "credit" | |
| /dju(ː)/ | /du(ː)/;/dʒə/ | ⟨dew⟩; ⟨du⟩; ⟨due⟩ | dyū; dyu | デュークdyūku "duke";デュアルdyuaru "dual";デュエルdyueru "duel";デューdyū "dew", "due"; エデュケーションedyukēshon "education" | ||
| /dz/ | ⟨ds⟩; ⟨dds⟩ | zu; zzu | エイズeizu "AIDS"; キッズkizzu "kids"; グッズguzzu "goods" | |||
| /dʒ/ | ⟨di⟩; ⟨dg⟩; ⟨dge⟩; ⟨g⟩; ⟨ge⟩; ⟨j⟩ | j | j; jj; z | ji; jji; tsu | ジャンプjanpu "jump"; エッジejji "edge";ジェリーJerī "Gerry", "Jerry"; バジェットbajetto "budget"; ガレージgarēji "garage"; ソルジャーsorujā "soldier"; エンジェルenjeru, エンゼルenzeru "angel";ジェミナイ,ヂェミナイJeminai "Gemini"; キャベツkyabetsu "cabbage" | |
| /ð/ | ⟨th⟩; ⟨the⟩ | z; j | zu | ザza, ジーjī "the"; マザーmazā "mother"; アルゴリズムarugorizumu "algorithm" | ||
| /ɛ/ | ⟨ae⟩; ⟨e⟩; ⟨ea⟩; ⟨ie⟩; ⟨oe⟩ | e | エンドendo "end"; ヘッドheddo "head"; フレンドfurendo "friend" Exception: セーターsētā "sweater" | |||
| /ɛə(ɹ)/ | /ɛɹ/ | ⟨ar⟩; ⟨air⟩; ⟨are⟩; ⟨ear⟩; ⟨eir⟩; ⟨ere⟩; ⟨ey're⟩ | ear; er | ea; eā | エアea,エアーeā "air"; シェアshea "share"; ベアbea "bear"; エリアeria "area" Exception: プレーリーpurērī "prairie" | |
| /ə/ | ⟨a⟩ | a | アーカンソーĀkansō "Arkansas"; イングランドIngurando "England"; マリガンmarigan "mulligan";アバウトabauto "about"; コンマkonma "comma" Exception: プレデターpuredetā "predator" | |||
| ⟨o⟩ | o; u; a | コモンkomon "common";オブobu "of"; ツデーtsudē, トゥデーtudē "today"; ダイナソーdainasō, ダイノソーdainosō "dinosaur"; セカンドsekando "second" | ||||
| ⟨gh⟩; ⟨ou⟩; ⟨ough⟩; ⟨u⟩ | a | サラsara "thorough"; バラbara "borough"; エディンバラEdinbara "Edinburgh"; アルバカーキArubakāki "Albuquerque"; ニューファンドランドNyūfandorando "Newfoundland" | ||||
| /ə(ɹ)/ | /ɚ/ | ⟨ar⟩; ⟨er⟩; ⟨ure⟩ | ar | a; ā | ハンガーhangā "hanger", "hangar"; コンピュータkonpyūta, コンピューターkonpyūtā "computer"; ロバートRobāto "Robert"; フューチャーfyūchā "future"; ノーザンnōzan "northern"; プロパティpuropati "property"; ハンカチーフhankachīfu "handkerchief" | |
| ⟨or⟩; ⟨our⟩ | ar | ā; oru | モーターmōtā "motor"; カラーkarā "colour"; カーソルkāsoru "cursor"; メルボルンMeruborun "Melbourne" | |||
| /əd/ | /ɚd/ | ⟨oard⟩; ⟨ord⟩ | ōdo | オックスフォードOkkusufōdo "Oxford" | ||
| /əl/;/l/ | ⟨al⟩ | aru | プロポーザルpuropōzaru "proposal"; ライバルraibaru "rival"; タイダルtaidaru "tidal"; オフィシャルofisharu "official" | |||
| ⟨ael⟩; ⟨el⟩; ⟨le⟩ | uru; oru; eru | ベーグルbēguru "bagel"; マッスルmassuru "muscle"; テーブルtēburu "table"; サイクルsaikuru "cycle"; ミドルmidoru "middle"; ステープルsutēpuru "staple"; ケトルketoru "kettle"; パズルpazuru "puzzle"; パネルpaneru "panel"; レベルreberu, レヴェルreveru "level", "revel", "rebel"; マイケルMaikeru "Michael" | ||||
| /əm/ | ⟨am⟩; ⟨em⟩; ⟨om⟩; ⟨ome⟩ | amu | キングダムkingudamu "kingdom"; ランダムrandamu "random"; セイラムSeiramu "Salem"; ゴッサムGossamu "Gotham"; オーサムōsamu "awesome" | |||
| ⟨um⟩ | amu; umu | アルバムarubamu "album"; オポッサムopossamu "opossum"; デューテリウムdyūteriumu "deuterium"; バキュームbakyūmu "vacuum" | ||||
| /ən/;/n/ | ⟨ain⟩; ⟨en⟩; ⟨on⟩ | un; on; en | ハイフンhaifun "hyphen"; セブンsebun "seven"; フォールンfōrun "fallen"; オープンōpun "open"; トークンtōkun "token"; リーズンrīzun "reason"; シーズンshīzun "season"; プリズンpurizun "prison"; レッスンressun "lesson"; セコンドsekondo "second"; サドンsadon "sudden"; スウェーデンSuwēden "Sweden"; マウンテンmaunten "mountain"; ブリテンBuriten "Britain"; テスタメントtesutamento "testament"; ヘレンHeren "Hellen" Exception: クライアントkuraianto "client"; セカンドsekando "second" | |||
| /əs/ | ⟨us⟩ | asu | バイラスbairasu, ヴァイラスvairasu "virus"; コーカスKōkasasu "Caucasus" | |||
| /əʊ/ | /oʊ/ | ⟨au⟩; ⟨eau⟩; ⟨eaux⟩; ⟨o⟩; ⟨oa⟩; ⟨oe⟩; ⟨oh⟩; ⟨ough⟩; ⟨ow⟩; ⟨owe⟩ | ō; ou; o | ゴーgō "go"; ショーshō "show"; シャドーshadō, シャドウshadou "shadow"; ホームhōmu "home"; ソウルsouru "soul";オハイオOhaio "Ohio"; ポニーponī "pony" | ||
| /ɜː(ɹ)/ | /ɜːɹ/ | ⟨ear⟩; ⟨er⟩; ⟨ir⟩; ⟨olo⟩; ⟨ur⟩ | ār | ā; a | アースāsu "earth"; スターリングSutāringu "Sterling", "Stirling"; バーチャルbācharu "virtual"; カーブkābu "curve", "curb"; カーネルkāneru "colonel", "kernel"; シャツshatsu "shirt"; オルタナティブorutanatibu "alternative"; ファーリーfārī "furry" | |
| /eɪ/ | ⟨a⟩; ⟨ae⟩; ⟨ai⟩; ⟨ais⟩; ⟨ait⟩; ⟨al⟩; ⟨au⟩; ⟨ay⟩; ⟨e⟩; ⟨ei⟩; ⟨eigh⟩; ⟨et⟩; ⟨ey⟩ | ē; ei; e | ネームnēmu "name"; ゲージgēji "gauge"; ドレイクdoreiku "drake";エイトeito "eight"; レイフReifu "Ralph"; ポテトpoteto "potato";エンジェルenjeru "angel";エンシェントenshento "ancient"; ブレザーburezā "blazer";エプロンepuron "apron"; レディredi, レディーredī "lady"; ベビーbebī "baby" Exceptions: オーストラリアŌsutoraria "Australia"; カナディアンKanadian "Canadian"; ラジオrajio "radio"; スタジアムsutajiamu "stadium" | |||
| /f/ | ⟨f⟩; ⟨fe⟩; ⟨ff⟩; ⟨gh⟩; ⟨ph⟩; ⟨u⟩ | f; h | f; ff | fu; ffu | ファウルfauru "foul";フライfurai "fry", "fly";フラワーfurawā "flower"; シャッフルshaffuru "shuffle"; ラフrafu "rough"; ヘッドホンheddohon "headphone"; レフテナントrefutenanto "lieutenant" | |
| /ɡ/ | ⟨g⟩; ⟨gg⟩; ⟨gh⟩; ⟨gu⟩; ⟨gue⟩ | g | g; gg | gu; ggu | ガンgan "gun"; バッグbaggu "bag";グラインダーguraindā "grinder";グルーgurū "glue"; マグルMaguru "Muggle"; グールgūru "ghoul"; ギターgitā "guitar" | |
| /ɡæ/ | ⟨ga⟩ | ga; gya | ガジェットgajetto "gadget";ギャラクシーgyarakushī "galaxy";ギャルgyaru "gal" | |||
| /ɡz/ | ⟨gs⟩; ⟨ggs⟩; ⟨x⟩; ⟨xh⟩ | guz; guj; kiz; kuz | guzu; gguzu | エグジットegujitto "exit"; エグゾーダスeguzōdasu "exodus"; エグザミネーションeguzaminēshon "examination"; エキゾチックekizochikku "exotic"; エキゾーストekizōsuto "exhaust"; バッグズbagguzu "bags" | ||
| /ɡzjuː/ | /ɡzuː/ | ⟨xu⟩; ⟨xhu⟩ | gujū | エグジュームegujūmu "exhume" | ||
| /h/ | ⟨gh⟩; ⟨h⟩ | h | ハンターhantā "hunter"; ハッブルHabburu "Hubble" | |||
| /huː/;/hʊ/ | ⟨hoo⟩; ⟨who⟩ | fū, fu | フーfū "who";フッドfuddo,フードfūdo "hood";フックfukku,ホックhokku "hook" | |||
| /ɪ/ | ⟨a⟩; ⟨ae⟩; ⟨e⟩; ⟨ei⟩; ⟨i⟩; ⟨ie⟩; ⟨oe⟩ | i; ī; e; ē | インプットinputto "input"; リミテッドrimiteddo "limited"; ネイキッドneikiddo "naked"; トイレットtoiretto "toilet"; オレンジorenji "orange"; ステッカーsutekkā "sticker"; デステニーdesutenī "destiny"; デジタルdejitaru "digital"; アイデアaidea "idea"; メッセージmessēji "message"; ガレージgarēji "garage"; ダメージdamēji "damage"; カレッジkarejji "college"; チョコレートchokorēto "chocolate"; パレスparesu "palace"; アルティメットarutimetto "ultimate"; ネッカチーフnekkachīfu "neckerchief" | |||
| /ɪə(ɹ)/ | /ɪɹ/ | ⟨aer⟩; ⟨e're⟩; ⟨ear⟩; ⟨eer⟩; ⟨er⟩; ⟨ere⟩; ⟨ier⟩; ⟨ir⟩ | iar; iyar; īr; ir; ear | ia; iya; īa; ea | ギアgia "gear"; ミーアキャットmīakyatto "meerkat";イヤホンiyahon "earphone"; ヒーローhīrō "hero"; ヒロインhiroin "heroine"; ステアリングsutearingu "steering" | |
| /i/ | ⟨e⟩; ⟨ea⟩; ⟨ee⟩; ⟨ei⟩; ⟨y⟩ | i; ī; yi; ē | コミッティーkomittī "committee"; ヤンキーYankī "Yankee"; シティーshiti "city"; コメディkomedi, コメディーkomedī "comedy"; アポストロフィaposutorofi "apostrophe"; ハッピーhappī, ハッピィhappyi "happy"; キャンディkyandi, キャンディーkyandī, キャンデーkyandē "candy" | |||
| ⟨ay⟩; ⟨ey⟩ | ī; ē; ei; e | マリーMarī, マーレイMārei "Murray"; リンジーRinjī "Lindsay"; ハービーHābī "Harvey"; ハーレーHārē "Harley"; ラムゼイRamuzei "Ramsay"; ハネムーンhanemūn, ハニームーンhanīmūn "honeymoon" | ||||
| /iː/ | ⟨ae⟩; ⟨e⟩; ⟨ea⟩; ⟨ee⟩; ⟨i⟩; ⟨ie⟩; ⟨oe⟩ | ī; ē; e | チームchīmu "team"; グリーンgurīn "green"; ピースpīsu "piece", "peace"; タキシードtakishīdo "tuxedo"; デーモンdēmon "demon"; ノルウェージャンNoruwējan "Norwegian"; ハイエナhaiena "hyena"; フェニックスfenikkusu "phoenix" | |||
| /j/ | ⟨y⟩ | y; i | ヤングyangu "young"; ヨークYōku "York";イェールYēru "Yale";イエローierō,イエロウierou "yellow";イエスiesu "yes" | |||
| /ju(ː)/;/jʊ/ | /ju(ː)/;/jə/ | ⟨eu⟩; ⟨u⟩; ⟨you⟩; ⟨yu⟩; ⟨ut⟩ | yū; yu | ユーyū "you", "U";ユニオンyunion "union"; ダブリューdaburyū "W"; サミュエルSamyueru "Samuel"; フォーミュラfōmyura "formula" | ||
| /jʊə(ɹ)/;/jəɹ/ | /jʊɹ/;/jəɹ/ | ⟨eu(r)⟩; ⟨u(r)⟩; ⟨you(r)⟩; ⟨you're⟩; ⟨yu(r)⟩; ⟨uh(r)⟩ | yūr; yur; yuar | yua | ユーロyūro "euro";ユアyua "your", "you're"; マーキュリーMākyurī "Mercury" | |
| /k/ | ⟨c⟩; ⟨cc⟩; ⟨ch⟩; ⟨che⟩; ⟨ck⟩; ⟨k⟩; ⟨ke⟩; ⟨kh⟩; ⟨qu⟩; ⟨que⟩ | k | k; kk | ku; kku; ki; kki | カップkappu "cup"; キックkikku "kick"; テイクteiku "take"; ストライキsutoraiki "strike"; ケーキkēki "cake"; ステーキsutēki "steak"; デッキdekki "deck";クラウンkuraun "clown"; サッカーsakkā "soccer", "sucker";クロニクルkuronikuru "chronicle" | |
| /kæ/ | ⟨ca⟩; ⟨cha⟩; ⟨ka⟩ | ka; kya | カンザスKanzasu "Kansas";カメラkamera "camera";キャメロンKyameron "Cameron";キャンディーkyandī "candy";キャプテンkyaputen "captain" | |||
| /ks/ | ⟨cc⟩; ⟨cs⟩; ⟨chs⟩; ⟨cks⟩; ⟨ks⟩; ⟨khs⟩; ⟨x⟩; ⟨xe⟩ | kus; kkus; kis; kish | kkusu; kisu | メキシコMekishiko "Mexico"; テキサスTekisasu "Texas"; テキストtekisuto "text"; プロキシpurokishi "proxy"; タキシードtakishīdo "tuxedo"; シックスshikkusu "six", "sicks"; コンプレックスkonpurekkusu "complex" | ||
| /kʃ/ | ⟨cti⟩; ⟨xi⟩ | kush | コネクションkonekushon "connection", "connexion" | |||
| /kʃuəl/ | ⟨xual⟩ | kusharu; kushuaru | バイセクシャルbaisekusharu, バイセクシュアルbaisekushuaru "bisexual" | |||
| /kw/ | ⟨cho⟩; ⟨cqu⟩; ⟨qu⟩ | ku; kuw; kw; k | クオークkuōku,クォークkwōku "quark";クイーンkuīn,クィーンkwīn "queen"; クワイアkuwaia "choir"; スコールsukōru "squall"; ターコイズtākoizu "turquoise" | |||
| /l/ | ⟨l⟩; ⟨le⟩; ⟨ll⟩ | r | r | ru | ループrūpu "loop"; ボールbōru "ball"; ブリーburī "bully" | |
| /m/ | ⟨m⟩; ⟨mb⟩; ⟨me⟩; ⟨mm⟩; ⟨mn⟩ | m | m; nm | mu; n | メイMei "May"; サモンsamon "summon"; ゲームgēmu "game"; ランプranpu "lamp", "lump", "ramp", "rump"; ナンバーnanbā "number"; ガンマganma "gamma"; ボムbomu "bomb"; オータムōtamu "autumn" | |
| /n/ | ⟨n⟩; ⟨nd⟩; ⟨ne⟩; ⟨nn⟩ | n | n; nn | n; nu | ナインnain "nine"; ファンfan "fan"; バナナbanana "banana"; アンナAnna "Anna"; エヌenu "N"; カンニングkanningu "cunning"; ハンサムhansamu "handsome"; ハンカチーフhankachīfu "handkerchief" | |
| /nju(ː)/ | /nu(ː)/ | ⟨new⟩; ⟨neu⟩; ⟨nu⟩ | nyū | ニューnyū "new";ニュートロンnyūtoron "neutron" | ||
| /njʊə(ɹ)/ | /nʊɹ/ | ⟨newr⟩; ⟨neur⟩; ⟨nur⟩; ⟨nure⟩ | nyūr | ニューロンnyūron "neuron" | ||
| /ŋ/;/ŋɡ/ | ⟨n⟩; ⟨ng⟩ | ng | n; ngu | シンガーsingā "singer"; フィンガーfingā "finger"; リンクrinku "link"; リングringu "ring"; バーミンガムBāmingamu, バーミングハムBāminguhamu "Birmingham"; チューインガムchūin gamu "chewing gum"; ワシントンWashinton "Washington"; ブーメランbūmeran "boomerang" | ||
| /ɔː/ | ⟨al⟩; ⟨au⟩; ⟨aw⟩; ⟨oa⟩; ⟨ough⟩ | ō; ou; o | トークtōku "talk";オーストリアŌsutoria "Austria"; クローkurō, クロウkurou "claw", "craw"; ストローsutorō "straw"; ストロベリーsutoroberī "strawberry" | |||
| /ɔːl/ | ⟨al⟩; ⟨aul⟩; ⟨awl⟩ | ōr | ōru; oru; aru | クローラーkurōrā "crawler";オルタナティブorutanatibu "alternative"; ワルツwarutsu "waltz"; アサルトasaruto "assault" | ||
| /ɔː(ɹ)/ | /ɔːɹ/ | ⟨ar⟩; ⟨aur⟩; ⟨oar⟩; ⟨or⟩; ⟨our⟩; ⟨wor⟩ | ō(r); oru; oa; ā | ボードbōdo "board"; コースkōsu "course"; フォーfō "four"; ストームsutōmu "storm"; トルネードtorunēdo "tornado"; ボーテックスbōtekkusu, ボルテックスborutekkusu "vortex"; ノルウェーNoruwē "Norway"; ウォーwō "war";オアoa "or", "oar"; ダイナソーdainasō, ダイノソーdainosō "dinosaur"; コーラスkōrasu "chorus"; ソードsōdo "sword"; ワープwāpu "warp"; ホグワーツHoguwātsu "Hogwarts" | ||
| ⟨oor⟩; ⟨ore⟩ | oa | コアkoa "core"; フォアfoa "fore"; ドアdoa "door"; フロアfuroa "floor" | ||||
| /ɔɪ/ | ⟨eu⟩; ⟨oi⟩; ⟨oy⟩ | oi | コインkoin "coin"; トイtoi "toy" Exception: ボーイbōi "boy" | |||
| /ɔɪə(ɹ)/ | ⟨awyer⟩ | oiyā | ロイヤーroiyā "lawyer" | |||
| /ɔɪəl/ | ⟨oyal⟩ | oiyaru | ロイヤルroiyaru "royal", "loyal" | |||
| /p/ | ⟨p⟩; ⟨pe⟩; ⟨ph⟩; ⟨pp⟩ | p | p; pp | pu; ppu | パックpakku "pack"; トップtoppu "top";プランクトンpurankuton "plankton";プルーフpurūfu "proof" | |
| /ɹ/;/(ɹ)/ | /ɹ/ | ⟨lo⟩; ⟨r⟩; ⟨re⟩; ⟨rh⟩; ⟨rps⟩; ⟨rr⟩; ⟨rt⟩ | r | r | omitted; ru | ラムramu "ram", "RAM", "rum"; テリーTerī "Terry"; リズムrizumu "rhythm"; バーbā "bar"; カリフォルニアKariforunia "California"; アールāru "R", "are" |
| /ˌɹiːˌɪ/ | ⟨rei⟩ | rii; ryi; ri | リインカーネーションriinkānēshon ,リィンカーネーションryinkānēshon,リンカーネーションrinkānēshon,リンカーネイションrinkāneishon,リンカネーションrinkanēshon "reincarnation" | |||
| /s/ | ⟨'s⟩; ⟨c⟩; ⟨ce⟩; ⟨s⟩; ⟨s'⟩; ⟨sc⟩; ⟨se⟩; ⟨ss⟩; ⟨st⟩; ⟨sw⟩ | s; sh | s; ss; sh; ssh | su; ssu | サンドsando "sand"; シンクshinku "sink", "cinque"; メッセンジャーmessenjā "messenger"; ケーシングkēshingu "casing"; キスkisu, キッスkissu "kiss"; キャッスルkyassuru "castle";ストップsutoppu "stop";スラッシュsurasshu "slash"; セントsento "cent"; マッスルmassuru "muscle"; クリスマスKurisumasu "Christmas" Exception:シチューshichū "stew" | |
| /sjuː/ | /suː/ | ⟨su⟩ | shū | コンシューマーkonshūmā "consumer" | ||
| /ʃ/ | ⟨ch⟩; ⟨che⟩; ⟨ci⟩; ⟨s⟩; ⟨sc⟩; ⟨sch⟩; ⟨sh⟩; ⟨si⟩; ⟨sti⟩; ⟨ti⟩ | sh | sh; ssh | shu; sshu | シップshippu "ship"; クラッシャーkurasshā "crusher"; フラッシュfurasshu "flash", "flush";シュラウドshuraudo "shroud"; ディメンションdimenshon "dimension"; アクションakushon "action"; イグニッションigunisshon "ignition"; スペシャルsupesharu "special" | |
| /ʃuəl/ | ⟨sual⟩ | sharu; shuaru | コンセンシャルkonsensharu "consensual" | |||
| /t/ | ⟨bt⟩; ⟨ct⟩; ⟨pt⟩; ⟨t⟩; ⟨te⟩; ⟨th⟩; ⟨tt⟩; ⟨tte⟩ | t; ch; ts | t; tt; ts | to; tto; tsu; ttsu; do | テープtēpu "tape"; インフィニティinfiniti "infinity"; チップchippu "tip"; チームchīmu "team"; スチームsuchīmu "steam"; チケットchiketto,ティケットtiketto, テケツteketsu "ticket"; ツアーtsuā "tour"; ツーtsū, トゥーtū "two", "to"; タイタンTaitan "Titan"; スケートsukēto "skate"; ヒッティングhittingu "hitting"; カートゥーンkātūn "cartoon"; キャットkyatto, キャッツkyattsu "cat"; シャツshatsu "shirt"; ピーナッツpīnattsu, ピーナツpīnatsu, ピーナットpīnatto "peanut"; フルーツfurūtsu "fruit"; スーツsūtsu, スートsūto "suit";トランプtorampu "trump"; バトルbatoru "battle"; テムズTemuzu, テームズTēmuzu "Thames"; コネチカットKonechikatto "Connecticut"; アドバンストadobansuto, アドバンスドadobansudo "advanced" | |
| /tjuː/ | /tuː/ | ⟨tew⟩; ⟨tu⟩; ⟨tue⟩ | chū; chuw; tyū | チューナーchūnā "tuner";チューバchūba,テューバtyūba "tuba"; スチュワードsuchuwādo "steward";チューズデーChūzudē "Tuesday" | ||
| /ts/ | ⟨t's⟩; ⟨ts⟩; ⟨tts⟩ | tsu; ttsu | キャッツkyattsu "cats"; イッツittsu "it's", "its" | |||
| /tʃ/ | ⟨ch⟩; ⟨tch⟩ | ch | ch; tch | chi; tchi | チキンchikin, チケンchiken, チッケンchikken "chicken"; キチンkichin, キッチンkitchin, キッチェンkitchen "kitchen"; マッチmatchi "match" | |
| /tʃʊə(ɹ)/ | /tʃʊɹ/ | ⟨ture⟩ | chua | マチュアmachua "mature" | ||
| /tʃuəl/ | ⟨tual⟩ | charu; chuaru | バーチャルbācharu, バーチュアルbāchuaru "virtual" | |||
| /θ/ | ⟨th⟩; ⟨the⟩ | s; sh | s; ss; sh; ssh; j | su; ssu | ソーSō "Thor"; シーフshīfu "thief"; バスルームbasurūmu "bathroom";スレッドsureddo "thread"; ゴッサムGossamu "Gotham"; アメシストameshisuto, アメジストamejisuto "amethyst" | |
| /ʊ/ | ⟨oo⟩; ⟨u⟩ | u | ブックbukku "book"; ブルburu "bull" | |||
| /ʊə(ɹ)/;/ɔː(ɹ)/ | /ʊɹ/ | ⟨oor⟩; ⟨our⟩; ⟨ure⟩ | uar; ūr | ua; ūa; uā | ムーアmūa "moor"; シュアshua "sure"; ツアーtsuā "tour"; ツーリストtsūrisuto "tourist"; ミズーリMizūri "Missouri" | |
| /u(ː)/ | ⟨ew⟩; ⟨o⟩; ⟨oe⟩; ⟨oo⟩; ⟨ou⟩; ⟨ough⟩; ⟨ue⟩; ⟨ui⟩ | ū; u; yū | ドゥーdū "do"; コクーンkokūn "cocoon"; シューshū "shoe"; スープsūpu "soup"; スルーsurū "through"; ブルーマーburūmā, ブルマーburumā "bloomer"; ジュースjūsu "juice"; ブイbui "buoy"; クルーkurū "crew"; コークスクリューkōkusukuryū "corkscrew"; アンドリューAndoryū "Andrew" Exceptions: ドリトルDoritoru "Dolittle"; スタジオsutajio "studio"; アコースティックakōsutikku "acoustic" | |||
| /v/ | ⟨ph⟩; ⟨v⟩; ⟨ve⟩; ⟨w⟩ | b; v | b; v | bu; vu | バイキングBaikingu,ヴァイキングVaikingu "Viking"; ラブrabu, ラヴravu "love"; スティーヴンSutīvun "Stephen" | |
| /ʌ/ | ⟨o⟩; ⟨oo⟩; ⟨ou⟩; ⟨u⟩ | a; o | マフィンmafin, マッフィンmaffin "muffin"; ブラッドburaddo "blood"; プラスpurasu "plus"; カミングkamingu "coming"; マンスリーmansurī "monthly"; パンチpanchi, ポンチponchi "punch"; コロンビアKoronbia "Columbia"; トンネルtonneru "tunnel"; フロントfuronto "front"; モンクmonku "monk"; モンキーmonkī "monkey"; ロンドンRondon "London" | |||
| /w/ | ⟨w⟩; ⟨ou⟩ | u; w;omitted | u; w | グウェンGuwen "Gwen"; スウェーデンSuwēden "Sweden";ウォームwōmu "warm"; ワームwāmu "worm"; ツインtsuin "twin"; ジャガーjagā "jaguar"; ペンギンpengin "penguin"; ティンクルtinkuru "twinkle"; サンドイッチsandoitchi, サンドウィッチsandowitchi "sandwich"; セーターsētā "sweater"; アウェイクンaweikun, アウエイクンaueikun "awaken" | ||
| ⟨wh⟩ | how; ho; u; w | ホワイトhowaito "white"; ホワッツhowattsu "what's";ホエールhoēru "whale";ホイールhoīru "wheel";ホイップhoippu,ウイップuippu,ウィップwippu "whip";ウィートwīto "wheat" | ||||
| /wʊ/ | ⟨wo⟩; ⟨woo⟩ | u; ū | ウッドuddo "wood";ウーマンūman "woman" | |||
| /z/ | ⟨'s⟩; ⟨s⟩; ⟨sc⟩; ⟨se⟩; ⟨ss⟩; ⟨z⟩; ⟨ze⟩; ⟨zz⟩ | z; j | z; zz; j; jj | zu; zzu; su | ズームzūmu "zoom"; ジッパーjippā "zipper"; ライジングraijingu "rising"; クレージkurējī "crazy"; フェイズfeizu "phase"; パズルpazuru "puzzle"; ディジーdijī, ディズィーdizī "dizzy"; ポゼッションpozesshon "possession"; ミズーリMizūri "Missouri"; ニュースnyūsu "news"; ブルースburūsu "blues"; フェアリーズfearīzu, フェアリースfearīsu "fairies"; ゼットzetto,ズィzi "Z" | |
| /ʒ/ | ⟨g⟩; ⟨ge⟩; ⟨si⟩; ⟨ti⟩; ⟨zi⟩ | j | テレビジョンterebijon "television"; イクエージョンikuējon "equation"; ブレージャーburējā "brazier" | |||
| /ʒuəl/ | ⟨sual⟩ | juaru | ビジュアルbijuaru "visual" | |||