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Tram-train

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Tramway routes which share track with main-line railways
This article is abouttrams sharing tracks with main-line railways. "Tram-train" can also refer to a train of two or more coupled trams operating on a regular tramway.
Not to be confused withTrain-tram.
A tram-train on railway
Stadtbahn on main-line railway
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Atram-train, also known as adual-system tram,[1] is an interoperableurban rail transit system in which specially designed vehicles operate astrams on urban street-level networks and astrains on mainline railway tracks, alongside mainline trains.[2]

By complying with bothlight rail andheavy rail technical and safety standards, these vehicles can use existing tram infrastructure as well as railway lines and stations, enabling a single service to operate across both networks.[3] A tram-train combines the urban accessibility of a tram or light rail with a mainline train's greater speed in the suburbs.[4]

The modern tram-train concept was pioneered by the German city ofKarlsruhe in the late 1980s,[5] resulting in the creation of theKarlsruhe Stadtbahn. This concept is often referred to as theKarlsruhe model,[4] and it has since been adopted in other cities such asMulhouse in France[4] and inKassel,Nordhausen andSaarbrücken in Germany.[5] It can be regarded as an evolution of the earlierinterurban operations model.

An inversion of the concept is atrain-tram – a mainline train adapted to run on-street in an urban tramway, also known as theZwickau Model.

Technology

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A tram-train on street
Kassel RegioTram dual voltage DC/ACAlstom RegioCitadis next to aKVGBombardier Flexity Classic tram at Königsplatz
A tram-train on railway
Kassel RegioTram dual mode diesel/electricAlstom RegioCitadis approachingWolfhagen using diesel power, on main-line railway
A tram-train on street
A "DUO"Combino on theNordhausen urban tramway, where it is electrically powered via overhead wires
A tram-train at a railway station
A "DUO"Combino at Ilfeld station on theHSB rural railway, where it is powered by an onboard diesel engine
A tram-train on street
A pair ofManchester MetrolinkBombardier M5000s on the street inManchester City Centre, United Kingdom
A tram-train on rail, along with a heavy rail train
A pair ofBombardier M5000s on the mainline, along with aClass 150 in the United Kingdom

The tram-train often is a type ofinterurban[6] — that is, they link separate towns or cities, according to George W. Hilton and John F. Due's definition.[7]

Most tram-trains arestandard gauge, which facilitates sharing track with main-line trains. Exceptions includeAlicante Tram andNordhausen, which aremetre gauge.

Tram-train vehicles are dual-equipped to suit the needs of both tram and train operating modes, with support for multiple electrification voltages if required and safety equipment such astrain stops and other railway signalling equipment. The Karlsruhe andSaarbrücken systems use "PZB" or "Indusi"automatic train protection, so that if the driver passes a signal at a stop the emergency brakes are applied.

History

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The idea is not new; in the early 20th century,interurban streetcar lines often operated on dedicated rights-of-way between towns, while running on street trackage in town. The difference between modern tram-trains and the older interurban and radial railways is that tram-trains are built to meet mainline railway standards, rather than ignoring them. A few interurban services did share tracks with mainline steam railroads, such as theDaisy Line orEast Bay Electric Lines.

In 1924, inHobart, Australia, sharing of tracks between trams and trains was proposed.[8]

List of tram-train systems

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Asia

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CountryLocationSystemYear openedLinesStationsLengthNotes
JapanFukuiFukui Fukubu Line192412321.4 km (13.3 mi)

Europe

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CountryLocationSystemYear openedLinesStationsLengthNotes
AustriaGmundenTraunsee Tram21 March 19121-17.9 km (11.1 mi)Since (1 September 2018)[9] it has been connected to theGmunden Tramway as part of theTraunseetramtram-train service.[10]
ViennaBadner Bahn187313630.4 km (18.9 mi)Baden bei Wien
DenmarkAarhusAarhus Letbane21 December 2017251110 km (68 mi)Tram-train and light rail[11]
FranceLyonRhônexpress9 August 20101423 km (14 mi)
Tram-train de l'ouest lyonnais22 September 201222355 km (34 mi)
MulhouseMulhouse Thur Valley Tram-Train [fr]12 December 2010Line 31822 km (14 mi)Tram ofMulhouse tramway and Mulhouse Thur Valley Tram-train[12]
NantesNantes tram-train15 June 201121864 km (40 mi)
Paris,Île-de-FranceÎle-de-France tramway Line 420 November 2006line 42013.3 km (8.3 mi)
Île-de-France tramway Line 11 Express1 July 2017Line 11711 km (6.8 mi)
Île-de-France tramway Line 12 Express10 December 2023Line 121620 km (12 mi)
Île-de-France tramway Line 13 Express6 July 2022Line 131218.8 km (11.7 mi)
Île-de-France tramway Line 14March 2025Line 1459.9 km (6.2 mi)
GermanyChemnitzCity-Bahn Chemnitz10 March 19974--
KarlsruheKarlsruhe Stadtbahn25 September 199212190262.4 km (163.0 mi)
KasselKassel RegioTram20063-184 km (114 mi)
NordhausenTrams in Nordhausen25 August 190033222.4 km (13.9 mi)
SaarbrückenSaarbahn24 October 199714344.0 km (27.3 mi)
HungarySzeged,HódmezővásárhelySzeged-Hódmezővásárhely tram-train29 November 2021131.6 km (19.6 mi)
ItalyBergamoBergamo–Albino light rail24 April 200911612.5 km (7.8 mi)
RomeRome–Giardinetti railway19161195.4 km (3.4 mi)Closed; 2015 (Centocelle-Giardinetti)
SassariMetrosassari27 October 2006184.331 km (2.691 mi)
NetherlandsThe Hague-RotterdamRandstadRail29 October 200647371 km (44 mi)
PortugalPortoPorto Metro Line B/Bx - (Estádio do Dragão – Póvoa de Varzim)13 March 200513633.6 km (20.9 mi)Bombardier Flexity Swift light rail
Porto Metro Line C - (Campanhã – Ismai)30 July 200512419.6 km (12.2 mi)
SpainAlicanteAlicante Tram Line 1 (Alicante Metropolitan Tram - Luceros – Benidorm)30 July 200712019.6 km (12.2 mi)
Alicante Metropolitan Tram - Luceros – El Campello200311714.404 km (8.950 mi)
MallorcaMallorca rail network,Serveis Ferroviaris de Mallorca199432985 km (53 mi)Ferrocarril de Sóller
CádizCádiz Bay tram-train26 October 202212124 km (15 mi)
United KingdomSheffield -RotherhamSouth Yorkshire Supertram25 October 201811429 km (18 mi)Tram-Train (Black) Route
Cardiff &South Wales ValleysSouth Wales Metro2026994169.2 km (105.1 mi)

North America

[edit]
CountryLocationSystemYear openedLinesStationsLengthNotes
CanadaOttawaLine 2 (O-Train)15 October 200111119 km (12 mi)O-Train,Diesel light
Line 4 (O-Train)6 January 2025134 km (2.5 mi)O-Train,Diesel light
Waterloo RegionIon rapid transit[13]21 June 201911919 km (12 mi)Light rail
MexicoPueblaPuebla–Cholula Tourist Train23 January 20171217.4 km (10.8 mi)(Closed; 31 December 2021; trains now sold toTren Interoceánico)
United StatesSan Diego,CaliforniaSan Diego Trolley26 July 1981462105 km (65 mi)

South America

[edit]
CountryLocationSystemYear openedLinesStationsLengthNotes
ColombiaBogotáRegioTram--1739.6 km (24.6 mi)

Proposed systems

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Africa

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Asia

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Europe

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Oceania

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South America

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Vehicles

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Models of tram designed for tram-train operation include:

Interurban

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TheZwickau Model has lightweight diesel trains running through urban streets.
A train running on the street section of Keishin line
See also:Street running train

Europe

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Japan

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North America

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See also

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References

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  1. ^BATRAK, OLEKSANDR (2021-12-03)."First dual-system tram launched in Hungary".Railway Supply. Archived fromthe original on 2021-12-03. Retrieved2025-08-28.
  2. ^"Suburban to City Centre travel: Is tram-train the solution?".dbesg.deutschebahn.com. Retrieved2025-08-28.
  3. ^Assefa, Nuhamin G.; Carra, Martina; Ventura, Roberto; Richiedei, Anna; Barabino, Benedetto (2024-10-01)."Assessing Tram-Train feasibility via multicriteria approach: The case of Brescia (Italy)".Research in Transportation Business & Management.56 101178.doi:10.1016/j.rtbm.2024.101178.hdl:11379/607106.ISSN 2210-5395.
  4. ^abcd"Tram-train: Making new connections".tautonline.com.Tramways & Urban Transit. 14 January 2020. Retrieved28 January 2022.
  5. ^ab"Uk tram-train: Learning lessons".tautonline.com.Tramways & Urban Transit. 16 February 2019. Retrieved28 January 2022.
  6. ^"UrbanRail.Net > Europe > Germany > Hessen > Kassel Tram / Straßenbahn".
  7. ^Hilton, George Woodman; Due, John Fitzgerald (2000) [1960].The Electric Interurban Railways in America. Stanford University Press. Original preface, 1960 page ix.
  8. ^"TRAMS AND TRAINS".The Mercury. Hobart, Tasmania. 12 February 1924. p. 6. Retrieved21 April 2012 – via National Library of Australia.
  9. ^"TRAUNSEETRAM - Stern & Hafferl Verkehr".
  10. ^"Metre-gauge lines in Gmunden connected at last".Railway Gazette International. 3 September 2018. Retrieved5 November 2024.
  11. ^"Aarhus tram-train project gets the go-ahead".Railway Gazette International. 10 May 2012. Archived fromthe original on 1 March 2020. Retrieved11 May 2012.
  12. ^Haydock, David (April 2011). "France's first real tram train".Today's Railways. Platform 5 Publishing Ltd. pp. 37–40.
  13. ^Weidner, Johanna (June 26, 2017)."Derail switches installed to protect Ion infrastructure from oversized freight trains".Waterloo Region Record. RetrievedJanuary 1, 2018.
  14. ^"Tram-Train for Haifa-Nazareth.(Transit News)". Archived fromthe original on 2014-06-29.
  15. ^"Tram-trains may also run between Debrecen and Oradea in the future".www.debrecen.hu. Retrieved2024-03-03.
  16. ^Place North West (7 January 2019)."Metrolink heads to Stalybridge and Middleton in 2040 expansion".Archived from the original on 1 March 2021. Retrieved30 September 2021.
  17. ^"Planovane-modernizacie-elektrickovych-trati-MET-a-Integrovany-dopravny-system-IDS"(PDF).Archived(PDF) from the original on 2015-12-08.
  18. ^"Agency Strategic Initiative"(PDF).Archived(PDF) from the original on 2021-08-26.
  19. ^"Jöhet a Szeged-Szabadka tram-train, megjelent a tender – Szegedi hírek".Szeged365 (in Hungarian). 2021-12-02. Retrieved2022-01-04.
  20. ^"Szeged-Makó elővárosi közösségi közlekedés vizsgálata - Döntéselőkészítő Tanulmány (Közlekedés - Pro-Urbe - V-Plan - Uvaterv - Unitef)". Archived fromthe original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved2012-12-22.
  21. ^"Battery-equipped trams with local styling ordered for TramCamp line".Metro Report International. 31 July 2025. Retrieved3 August 2025.
  22. ^Adelaidemetro.com.auArchived July 21, 2008, at theWayback Machine
  23. ^"El tren tranvía ya tiene la firma para arrancar - Cali - Colombia - ELTIEMPO.COM". 25 April 2018.

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