_engraving.jpg) Reconstruction view of the Trajan's Column | |
   Trajan's Forum Shown within Augustan Rome | |
 Click on the map for a fullscreen view | |
| Location | Regio VIII Forum Romanum |
|---|---|
| Coordinates | 41°53′43.51″N12°29′9.13″E / 41.8954194°N 12.4858694°E /41.8954194; 12.4858694 |
| Type | Imperial fora |
| History | |
| Builder | Emperor Trajan |
| Founded | 106–112 AD |
Trajan's Forum (Latin:Forum Traiani;Italian:Foro di Traiano) was the last of theImperial fora to be constructed in ancientRome.[1] The architectApollodorus of Damascus oversaw its construction.
This forum was built on the order of the emperorTrajan with thespoils of war from the conquest ofDacia, which ended in 106.[1] The construction began between 105 and 107;[2] according to theFasti Ostienses the Forum was inaugurated in 112.Trajan's Column was erected and then inaugurated in 113.[citation needed]
To build this monumental complex, extensive excavations were required: workers eliminated a ridge connecting theQuirinal andCapitoline (Campidoglio) Hills. Over 300,000 cubic meters of soil and rock were excavated and dumped outside thePorta Collina.[2][3]
It is possible that the excavations were initiated underEmperor Domitian, while the project of the Forum was completely attributed to the architectApollodorus of Damascus,[1] who also accompanied Emperor Trajan in the Dacian campaign.[4]
During the time of the construction, several other projects took place: the construction of theMarket of Trajan,[1] the renovation ofCaesar's Forum (where theBasilica Argentaria was built) and theTemple of Venus Genetrix.[citation needed]
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The Forum consisted of a sequence of open and enclosed spaces, beginning with the vastportico-linedpiazza measuring 300 metres (980 feet) long and 185 metres (607 feet) wide, withexedrae on two sides. The main entrance was at the south end of the piazza, through atriumphal arch at the center commemorating the Dacian Wars, decorated with friezes and statues of Dacian prisoners.[5] The arch was flanked by tall walls built from blocks ofPeperino tuff clad entirely in marble, which enclosed the Forum on three sides.[6]
The tuff walls which enclosed the piazza to the west and east featured exedrae; outside the exedrae, separated by streets, were markets of concentric shape. The three-story eastern market, known asTrajan's Market, buttressed the excavated edge of the Quirinal Hill.[2][5] The open space of the Forum measured about 91 metres (299 feet) by 120 metres (390 feet), and was paved entirely inCarrara marble.[7][2] Via a doorway in the far east wall of the Forum, one gained entry to an open courtyard with a portico, which communicated in turn with the adjacent Forum of Augustus.[2]
Along the piazza's north side was theBasilica Ulpia, and north of that was a smaller piazza, with atemple dedicated to the deified Trajan on the far north side facing inwards. The position of – and very existence of – the temple dedicated to the deified Trajan is a matter of hotly contested debate among archaeologists, particularly clear in the ongoing debate between James E. Packer and Roberto Meneghini.[8] Between the Basilica Ulpia and the terminal piazza containing the temple, were two libraries, one housing Latin documents and the other Greek documents. Between the libraries stood the 38-metre (125-foot)Trajan's Column.[1] The libraries housed state archives including the acts of the Emperors and the edicts of thepraetors.[9]
Trajan's successorHadrian added a philosophical school adjacent to the piazza containing the Temple of Trajan. The building consisted of three parallel halls separated by annexes and was known as theAthenaeum; it functioned variously as school, a venue for judicial proceedings, and an occasional meeting-place for the Senate.[10]
Constantius II, while visiting Rome in the year 357,[11] was amazed by the huge equestrian statue of Trajan and by the surrounding buildings:
But when he [Constantius II] came to the Forum of Trajan, a construction unique under the heavens, as we believe, and admirable even in the unanimous opinion of the gods, he stood fast in amazement, turning his attention to the gigantic complex about him, beggaring description and never again to be imitated by mortal men. So renouncing all hope of attempting anything of the kind, he said he wanted to imitate only Trajan's horse, set in the middle of the atrium, and with the emperor on its back. And prince Ormisda ... standing beside him, replied with pleasing wit: "First, emperor, command the construction of a stable like this, so that the horse you wish to have made can find as appropriate a setting as that we have before our eyes."
— Ammianus Marcellinus, Histories XVI.10.15-16[11][12]
| External videos | |
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 Trajan's Forum,Smarthistory atKhan Academy (6:00), December 1, 2014 |
In the mid-9th century, the marble cobble blocks of the piazza were systematically taken for re-use, because of the good quality of the lime. They were replaced with concrete, showing that the piazza was still in use as a public space. By the 10th century the Imperial Fora were semi-rural, with a patchwork of houses and farmland crisscrossed by roads occupying the former plaza of Trajan's Forum. In the late-16th century, the whole area of the Imperial Fora, which by then lay 3–4 meters below ground, was built up during a wave of urban expansion and the area became known as the Alessandrino district.[13]
In 1526 the arch which formed the entrance to the Forum was demolished by themaestri di strade, Rome's Commissioners of Streets, which caused theConservatore Francesco Cenci to submit a report to Rome's municipal government seeking redress for the destruction. Vestiges of the arch were found later in the century, including friezes which depicted scenes from the Dacian Wars, according to the descriptions ofFlaminio Vacca.[6]
In modern times only a section of the markets and the column of Trajan remain. A number of columns which historically formed the Basilica Ulpia remained on site, and have been re-erected. The construction of theVia dei Fori Imperiali in 1933 covered a number of these columns, which remain visible under the arches on which the road runs.[citation needed]
Media related toTrajan's Forum at Wikimedia Commons
| Preceded by Forum of Vespasian | Landmarks of Rome Trajan's Forum | Succeeded by Forum Boarium |
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| Geographic | |
