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Arail replacement bus service replaces apassenger train service on a temporary or permanent basis. The train service that is replaced may be of any type such aslight rail,tram,streetcar,commuter rail,regional rail orheavy railinter-city passenger service. The railway service may be replaced if the line is closed because ofrail maintenance, a breakdown of atrain, arail accident or astrike action; it may simply provide additional capacity or if the railway service is deemed noteconomically viable.
Terms for a rail replacement bus service includebustitution (aportmanteau of the words "bus" and "substitution", orbustitute)[1] andbus bridge.[2] Substitution of rail services by buses can be unpopular and subject to criticism, so the termbustitution is often used pejoratively.[3][4]
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A permanent or temporary rail replacement service change is often referred to asbustitution.[5]
In November 1941,Western Australian Government Railways introduced its first rail replacement service, which operated fromPerth toKojonup, viaBoddington.[6] By 1949, there were 28 buses[7] and, by 1959, there were more than 50.[8]
TheSydney Metro north-west line used single-deck buses late at night from Wednesdays to Sundays, operating a red Metro bus-like service with a frequency of approximately every 10 minutes until November 2019. That measure was in place since the line was deemed "ready" ten months ahead of schedule.[9]
On theQueensland Rail network, to relieve congestion on the single trackedSunshine Coast line, the railway service is supplemented by a bus service operated byKangaroo Bus Lines on weekdays betweenCaboolture andNambour as route 649.[10]NSW TrainLink,Transwa andV/Line all introduced extensive networks inNew South Wales,Western Australia andVictoria in the 1970s and the 1980s that replaced regional trains.
Via Rail, the operator of the national passenger rail network, also uses the termbustitution to refer to replacement of railway services with buses.[1]
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After thetrain collision on theChangping line of theBeijing Subway betweenXi'erqi station andLife Science Park station on 14 December 2023, railway services betweenZhuxinzhuang and Xi'erqi were temporarily suspended on the following day. Beijing Public Transport provided free shuttle bus services between Zhuxinzhuang and Xi'erqi.[11]
Substitute bus transport (Czech:náhradní autobusová doprava) is governed by the Road Traffic Act (111/1994 Coll.). Thid allows the operator of a national, regional, tram,trolleybus orspecial line to operate substitute transport for up to 90 days, in the case of interrupted or temporarily restricted traffic on the line, without the requirement to apply for a bus line licence and have approval of the line's schedule. The law also mandates vehicles used for substitute transport to be marked as such.
In municipal public transport, substitute transport often takes on the number of the line that it replaces, prefixed by the letter X, and the original line is detoured. In cities with trolleybus systems, rail replacement buses are calledsubstitute trolleybus transport.(Czech:náhradní trolejbusová doprava)
As in the United Kingdom, buses have replaced rail services on many closed lines. A recent example can be found inCounty Wexford, where upon the suspension of rail services betweenRosslare Europort andWaterford in 2010,Bus Éireann route 370 was introduced. However, the bus takes considerably longer than the railway journey and fails to serveWaterford railway station.[12]
Buses have replaced trains when railway services must be suspended because of disaster, accident, economics or engineering works. Notably, in some cases, those rail lines are closed permanently and some of the formerrail rights-of-way are converted into bus rights-of-way to provide grade-separatedbus rapid transit service.[13]
Whentrain services operated byAuckland One Rail inAuckland are replaced by a bus, the resulting service is calledRail Bus.[14] Historically,New Zealand Railways Road Services replaced many train routes with buses.[citation needed]
An incident occurred on 7 July 2015 after amass shutdown on theNorth–South andEast–West lines caused by a power system failure. The operatorSMRT and rivalSBS Transit did not activate bus bridging, but made all bus services free islandwide because of the sheer scale of the disruptions.[15][16] The Land Transport Authority made public transport available for any bus services passing MRT stations that were affected during the train disruptions and, during a massive disruption affecting at least two lines, bus travel islandwide was made free.[16]
While the reconstruction ofSlussen, the western terminal ofSaltsjöbanan, is in progress, trains on line 25 run only toHenriksdal, one station short of Slussen; the final segment is served by a replacement bus 25B that is timed to match the train times at Henriksdal.
Sometimes, buses can be seen running on line 7, theSpårväg City tram line, even when trams are running normally.
At night after 01:00, there are no services on the Stockholm Metro and the commuter rail system; night buses run along the line instead.
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During theBritish Railways Board's railway rationalisation in the 1960s, known as theBeeching cuts, bus substitution was an official policy for replacing train services on closed lines. The policy was largely unsuccessful, however, as the bus services were usually far slower than the train services that they replaced and many passengers gave up on public transport altogether.[17] A report published in 2018 identified successful, and surviving, examples of this policy, including:
Rail replacement bus services have been used to operateparliamentary train services.
Rail replacement bus services occurred on a large scale after the dismantling of thestreet railway systems of many cities in the mid-20th century.[31][32] Replacement of existing rail services with buses afterWorld War II is one of the largest reasons why so few cities haverapid transit systems.
The temporary substitution of buses for trains may be done withAmtrak'sAmtrak Thruway service.[33]
TheG Line (formerly the Orange Line) of theLos Angeles Metro runs along a paved closed course on the easement from the originalSouthern Pacific Railroad Burbank line, which was later used by thePacific Electric Railway. It may eventually be converted back tolight rail with Measure M funding, but that is not currently scheduled to happen until around 2050.
Rail replacement bus services are common amongurban rail transit systems, mainly because of unexpected service disruptions. For example, one of theeffects of Hurricane Sandy in New York was that theNew York City Subway required replacement bus service for several subway routes.[34] As the subway runs24/7/365, replacement bus service may be provided when subway lines are closed for regularly scheduled maintenance, even during off-peak hours.[35]
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Media related toRail substitute bus transport at Wikimedia Commons
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