In sociology,traditional society refers to asociety characterized by an orientation to the past, not the future, with a predominant role for custom and habit.[1] Such societies are marked by a lack of distinction between family and business, with thedivision of labor influenced primarily by age, gender, and status.[2]
Traditional society has often been contrasted with modernindustrial society, with figures likeDurkheim andPierre Bourdieu stressing such polarities as community vs. society or mechanical vs. organic solidarity;[3] whileClaude Lévi-Strauss saw traditional societies as 'cold' societies in that they refused to allow the historical process to define their social sense of legitimacy.[4]
Withinmodernisation theory, traditional society is also the first stage of economic development as established inW.W. Rostow's Economic Growth Model. Classified as "pre-newtonian," science and technology are not practiced. Life isagrarian, and family or clan relationships are the basis for social structures.[5]
However, theories positing the simple,unilineal evolution of societies from traditional to modern industrial are now seen as too simplistic,[6] relying on anideal typology revolving round such polarities assubsistence/growth;face-to-face/impersonal;informal social control/formal social control; orcollective ownership/private ownership.[7] Recent work has emphasised instead the variety of traditional cultures, and the existence of intermediate forms as well as of 'alternative' modernisations.[8]
Traditional societies have been seen as characterised by powerful collective memories sanctioned byritual, and with social guardians ensuring continuity of communal practices.[9]Practice theory, however, has recently emphasised the role of ritual in facilitating change, as well as continuity.[10]
Fredric Jameson saw 20th-century modernisation as encountering two main kinds of traditional society,tribal, as in Africa, and bureaucratic imperial, as in China and India,[11] but a much wider diversity of traditional societies has existed over time.
For most of human existence, small tribes ofhunter-gatherers leading an almost static existence formed the only social organisation: where they survived into the 20th century, as in Australia, paintings, songs, myths and rituals[12] were all used to cement links to a deep-reaching sense of continuity with ancestors and ancestral ways.[13]
The invention of farming some 10,000 years ago led to the development ofagrarian societies, whether nomadic or peasant, the latter in particular almost always dominated by a strong sense of traditionalism.[14] Within agrarian society, however, a wide diversity still existed.Homeric Greece was a society marked by powerful kinship bonds, fixed status and rigidly defined social expectations;[15] with the classicalpolis, however, though festivals, inM. I. Finley's words, still "recreated for their audiences the unbroken web of all life, stretching back over generations of men to the gods",[16] new and more complex voluntary forms of social and public life balanced traditional society in a new equilibrium.[17]
Medieval Europe was an intensely local society of self-perpetuating peasant households,[18] living within a slow moving culture dominated by customary law and by respect for ancient authority[19] and pervaded with an ahistorical politicalmentality focused upon the concepts of experience, usage, and law-as-custom.[20]
Much of the focus ofEnlightenment thinking was directed at undoing the mindset of traditional society, and replacing a focus upon such concepts as rural, hierarchical, customary or status with one centred on the ideas of urban, egalitarian, progressive or contractual.Modernism andmodernity continued the process of challenging and overcoming traditional society.[21]
Jameson, however, has seen as a defining feature ofpostmodernism the global elimination of residual, 'traditional' enclaves, giving it its one-dimensional, temporal nature that is no longer offset by living examples of the past alongside the new.[22]
Global media such as theInternet have been seen as effective means of recreating traditional cultures.[23] However, a key contrast now with traditional societies as they were is that participation has become voluntary instead of being ascriptive: fixed in space, social stratification and role expectations.[24]
