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Atoxoid is an inactivatedtoxin (usually anexotoxin) whosetoxicity has been suppressed either by chemical (formalin) or heat treatment, while other properties, typicallyimmunogenicity, are maintained.[1] Toxins are secreted by bacteria, whereas toxoids are altered form of toxins; toxoids arenot secreted by bacteria. Thus, when used duringvaccination, an immune response is mounted and immunological memory is formed against the molecular markers of the toxoid without resulting in toxin-induced illness. Such a preparation is also known as ananatoxin.[2] There are toxoids for prevention ofdiphtheria,tetanus andbotulism.[3]
Toxoids are used asvaccines because they induce an immune response to the original toxin or increase the response to another antigen since the toxoid markers and toxin markers are preserved. For example, thetetanus toxoid is derived from thetetanospasmin produced byClostridium tetani.[4] The latter causes tetanus and is vaccinated against by theDTaP vaccine. While patients may sometimes complain of side effects after a vaccine, these are associated with the process of mounting an immune response and clearing the toxoid, not the direct effects of the toxoid. The toxoid does not have virulence as the toxin did before inactivation.
Toxoids are also useful in the production of humanantitoxins. Multiple doses of tetanus toxoid are used by manyplasma centers in the United States for the development ofhighly immune persons for the production of human anti-tetanus immune globulin (tetanus immune globulin (TIG), HyperTet (c)[5]), which has replacedhorse serum-type tetanus antitoxin in most of the developed world.
Toxoids are also used in the production ofconjugate vaccines. The highly antigenic toxoids help draw attention to weaker antigens such as polysaccharides found in thebacterial capsule.[6]
 |
| Toxin | Organism | Toxoid |
|---|---|---|
| Tetanus toxin | Clostridium tetani | Tetanus toxoid |
| Diphtheria toxin | Corynebacterium diphtheriae | Diphtheria toxoid |
| Botulinum toxin | Clostridium botulinum | Botulinum toxoid |
| Pertussis toxin | Bordetella pertussis | "Bordetella pertussis toxoid antigen"[7] (seepertussis vaccine) |
| Tracheal cytotoxin | Bordetella pertussis | |
| Erythrogenic toxin | Streptococcus pyogenes | (PMID 10948118, 10925320) |
| Leukocidin,Streptolysins | Streptococcus pyogenes | |
| Clostridial a-toxin | Clostridial perfringens | (PMID 4306752) |
| Cholera toxin | Vibrio cholerae | [8](Used in experimentalTA-CD) |
| Anthrax toxin | Bacillus anthracis | (seeanthrax vaccines)[9] |
| Staphylococcal enterotoxin | Staphylococcus aureus | (PMID 30824769) |
| Toxic shock syndrome toxin | Staphylococcus aureus | (PMID 30824769) |
| Pseudomonas exotoxin A | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | (Unnamed; used inVi-rEPA)[10] |
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)It can be prevented by vaccination, and the licensed anthrax vaccine is a toxoid vaccine. It consists of inactivated subunits of anthrax toxin and elicits an antibody response that neutralises anthrax toxin.
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