Francis Townsend | |
|---|---|
 Townsendc. 1939 | |
| Born | Francis Everett Townsend (1867-01-13)January 13, 1867 Fairbury, Illinois, U.S. |
| Died | September 1, 1960(1960-09-01) (aged 93) Los Angeles,California, U.S. |
| Burial place | Woodlawn Memorial Park, Compton, California, U.S. |
| Alma mater | Omaha Medical College |
| Occupation(s) | Physician,public health officer |
| Known for | Townsend Plan |
| Spouse | Wilhelmina "Minnie" Bogue |
Francis Everett Townsend (/ˈtaʊnzənd/; January 13, 1867 – September 1, 1960) was an American physician and political activist in California. In 1933, he devised an old-age pension scheme to help alleviate theGreat Depression. Known as the "Townsend Plan", this proposal would pay every person over age 60 $200 per month, with the requirement it all be spent quickly. It was never enacted but the popularity of the Plan influenced Congress to start theSocial Security system, which involved much smaller amounts. The Plan was organized by real estate salesman Robert Clements, who made Townsend only a figurehead while the Plan expanded to thousands of clubs in many states. Townsend was born just outsideFairbury, Illinois, where he is memorialized by a post office named in his honor.
Francis Everett Townsend was born the second of six children on January 13, 1867, in Fairbury, Illinois.[1] After Townsend contractedswamp malaria as an infant, the Townsend family moved toNebraska where Townsend had two years of high school education.[1] In 1898, Townsend borrowed $1,000 from his father and moved toSouthern California to develop ahay farming business.[1] The business was not successful, and Townsend enrolled inOmaha Medical College when he was 31.[1] After graduating, Townsend worked in the medical field inBelle Fourche, South Dakota, and met a nurse and his future wife, Wilhelmina "Minnie" Bogue.[1] At age 50, Townsend enlisted as a doctor in the army one year before the end ofWorld War I.[1]
After the war ended in 1918, Townsend moved toLong Beach, California, to run a dry ice factory.[1] After that business quickly failed, Townsend worked forreal estate agent Robert Earl Clements inMidway City, California.[1] Clements later masterminded the Townsend Plan.[1] In 1930, at the start of theGreat Depression, Townsend became a Long Beach citypublic health officer at age 63, but lost his job three years later.[1]
Townsend died inLos Angeles on September 1, 1960.[2] He is buried inWoodlawn Memorial Park in Compton, California.[3][4]
The Townsend Plan proposed that every person over 60 be paid $200 per month. The Old-Age Revolving Pension fund was to be supported by a 2% national sales tax aiming to stimulate the economy.[5]
There were three requirements for beneficiaries under the scheme:
In September 1933, Townsend wrote a letter to the editor of the local newspaper (theLong Beach Press-Telegram),[6] and launched his career as an old-age activist.[1] According to Townsend's autobiographical memoir,New Horizons (1943), his plan originated when he looked out his window one morning in the early depth of the Depression and saw two old women, dressed in once nice, now tattered clothes, picking through his garbage cans looking for food. Within two years of his putting forward his plan, over 3400 Townsend Plan Clubs were organized all over America and began exerting pressure on Congress to pass an old-age pension.Frances Perkins, PresidentFranklin D. Roosevelt's Secretary of Labor, in her memoir,The Roosevelt I Knew (p. 294) says that Roosevelt told her, "We have to have it [Social Security]. Congress can't stand the pressure of the Townsend Plan unless we have a real old-age insurance system." As Roosevelt said, Social Security was passed by Congress substituting a pay-as-you-go "insurance" scheme for Townsend's far more generous pension plan, but as he told Perkins, it was the Townsend Clubs that forced Congress to act at all.
The movement continued beyond Townsend's death in 1960.[7] In 1978,The Associated Press reported that the National Townsend Plan would be shut down by the end of February that year, with only state chapters surviving, and that by then it had a "dwindling and aging membership."[7]
A Congressional committee was established in February 1936 to investigate Townsend. One of the findings was that the Townsend organization had raised over a million dollars and that Townsend had received a salary of $12,000 for the previous 12 months.[8]
While being questioned Townsend became angry at the questioning and stormed out. He was prosecuted for contempt of Congress and sentenced to 30 days in prison. However, in 1938, just as he entered jail to serve his sentence, he was granted a pardon by President Roosevelt.[8]
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