Uttarakhand is a state inthe northern part of India. It is often referred to as the "Devbhoomi" (literally 'Land of the Gods') due to its religious significance and numerousHindu temples andpilgrimage sites found throughout the state. As a result, religious tourism forms a major portion of the tourism in the state.[1] Uttarakhand is known for the natural environment of theHimalayas. 2019 Tourist Arrivals Domestic – 40,000,000 per/year and Foreigner – 150,000 per year.[2] Tourism business inUttarakhand generated₹ 23,000 crores during 2013–14.[3]
Uttarakhand is famous forChota Char Dham, which means 'journey to four centers'. These four religious centers inUttarakhand are represented byBadrinath (dedicated to Lord Vishnu),Kedarnath (dedicated to Lord Shiva),Gangotri (the holy origin of the riverGanga) andYamunotri (the holy origin of the riverYamuna).Badrinath is part of the biggerChar Dham.[4][5][6]
The Char Dham Yatra begins around the first to second week of May every year. These dates are announced in the national media. The base for the yatra is generally theRishikesh town which has all the amenities available for pilgrims and tourists alike. Pilgrims and tourists generally book their journey through the local travel agents to all the four locations.[7]
Badrinath is the abode of Lord Vishnu, who is called 'Badri Vishal', Badri the Big One. Legend has it thatBadrinath was the abode of Lord Shiva, who used to reside there with his consort Parvati. It is Located in Chamoli District ofUttarakhand. Lord Vishnu happened to like the place and wished to reside there permanently, so He took the form of an infant and started crying inconsolably. Mother Parvati's heart melted and she picked up the infant Vishnu and started cradling Him. The crying of the infant, however, disturbed the meditation of Lord Shiva and unable to bear the crying He left for higher reaches of the Himalayas and made Kedarnath His home. Once Lord Shiva left, Mother Parvati too followed, which gave an opportunity to Lord Vishnu to take His original form and remain at Badrinath forever. The priests of Badrinath are from the southernmost part ofIndia, i.e.Kerala. This is according to the rules laid down byAdi Shankara.Badrinath remains out of bounds for pilgrims for six months a year, from October to May.
Kedarnath is the abode of Lord Shiva.Kedarnath is one of the twelveJyotirlingams of India and the only one in theUttarakhand. While there is a motorable road toBadrinath,Kedarnath could only be reached by foot. The 18-kilometre (11 mi) trek begins fromGaurikund. After the 2013 Himalayan floods, the trek currently is of more than 18 km (11 mi) due to washing away of trekking paths.
Gangotri is the origin of the holyGanga. Ganga is revered as a mother throughout India. According to theHindu philosophy, a place considered extremely holy if a river running through it flows in the northern direction.Gangotri is a place which is not only the origin of Ganga but also where Ganga flows in a northerly direction, hence the nameGangotri. The river Ganga flows out from the melting Gangotri glacier, which is at a distance of around 18 km (11 mi) from the Gangotri town. Close to the temple is Bhagirath Shila, which according to the Hindu philosophy is the place where Bhagirath did penance for 5500 years to seek the blessings of Mother Ganga and requested her to descend to the Earth from her heavenly abode to cleanse the sins of his ancestors.
Yamunotri is the origin of theholy river Yamuna. A temple dedicated to the holy riverYamuna is situated at the place. The actual origin of the river is the Yamunotri glacier further up into the Himalayas where very few pilgrims go due to the difficulty it entails.
Panch Kedar (Sanskrit:पंचकेदार) refers to fiveHindu temples or holy places of theShaivite sect dedicated to godShiva. They are located in theGarhwalHimalayan region inUttarakhand, India. They are the subject of many legends that directly link their creation toPandavas, the heroes of the HinduIndian epic, theMahabharata.[8]
The five temples designated in the strict pecking order to be followed for pilgrimage for worship are theKedarnath (Sanskrit:केदारनाथ) at an altitude of 3,583 m (11,755 ft), theTungnath (तुंगनाथ)(3,680 m or 12,070 ft),Rudranath (रुद्रनाथ) (2,286 m or 7,500 ft),Madhyamaheshwar (मध्यमहेश्वर) or Madmaheshwar (3,490 m or 11,450 ft) andKalpeshwar (कल्पेश्वर) (2,200 m or 7,200 ft). The Kedarnath is the main temple, which is part of the four famousChota Char Dhams (literally 'the small four abodes/seats') or pilgrimage centers of the Garhwal Himalayas; the other three dhams are theBadrinath,Yamunotri andGangotri. Kedarnath is also one of the twelveJyotirlingas.[9][10]
The Garhwal region is also called the Kedar-Khanda after Kedar – the local name for Lord Shiva. The region abounds in emblems and aniconic forms of Shiva sect of Lord Shiva, much more than theVaishnava sect. The western part of this region in particular, which constitutes half ofChamoli district being known as Kedar-Kshetra or Kedar mandala, encompasses in its ambit all the five temples constituting the Panch Kedar.[11]
The most famous folk legend about Panch Kedar relates to thePandavas, the heroes of the Hindu epicMahabharata. The Pandavas defeated and killed their cousins – theKauravas in the epicKurukshetra war. They wished to atone for the sins of committingfratricide (gotrahatya) andBrāhmanahatya (killing ofBrahmins – the priest class) during the war. Thus, they handed over the reins of their kingdom to their kin and left in search of the godShiva and to seek his blessings. First, they went to the holy city ofVaranasi (Kashi), believed to Shiva's favourite city and known for its Shiva temple. But, Shiva wanted to avoid them as he was deeply incensed by the death and dishonesty at the Kurukshetra war and was, therefore, insensitive to Pandavas' prayers. Therefore, he assumed the form of a bull (Nandi) and hid in the Garhwal region.
Not finding Shiva in Varanasi, the Pandavas went toGarhwalHimalayas.Bhima, the second of the five Pandava brothers, then standing astride two mountains started to look for Shiva. He saw a bull grazing near Guptakashi ("hidden Kashi" – the name derived from the hiding act of Shiva). Bhima immediately recognized the bull to be Shiva. Bhima caught hold of the bull by its tail and hind legs. But the bull-formed Shiva disappeared into the ground to later reappear in parts, with the hump raising in Kedarnath, the arms appearing in Tunganath, the nabhi (navel) and stomach surfacing in Madhyamaheshwar, the face showing up at Rudranath and the hair and the head appearing in Kalpeshwar. The Pandavas pleased with this reappearance in five different forms, built temples at the five places for venerating and worshipping Shiva. The Pandavas were thus freed from their sins. It is also believed that the fore portions of Shiva appeared at Pashupatinath,Kathmandu – the capital ofNepal.[9][12][13]
A variant of the tale credits Bhima of not only catching the bull, but also stopping it from disappearing. Consequently, the bull was torn asunder into five parts and appeared at five locations in theKedar Khand of Garhwal region of the Himalayas.[12] After building the Panch Kedar temples, the Pandavas mediated at Kedarnath for salvation, performedyagna (fire sacrifice) and then through the heavenly path called the Mahapanth (also called Swargarohini), attained heaven or salvation.[citation needed]
After completing the pilgrimage of Lord Shiva'sdarshan at the Panch Kedar temples, it is an unwritten religious rite to visitLord Vishnu at theBadrinath Temple, as a final affirmatory proof by the devotee that he has sought blessings of Lord Shiva.[14]
Of thePanch Kailash (literally - theFive Kailashas), the collective name for the group of fiveHimalayan mountain peaks at separate locations sacred in Hinduism each with Kailash in its name, the second most sacredAdi Kailash is inUttarakhand, the most sacred of all is theMount Kailash is inTibet, and the rest -Shrikhand Mahadev Kailash (aka Shikhar Kailash),Kinnaur Kailash (aka Kinner Kailash), andManimahesh Kailash (aka Chamba Kailash) are all in the state ofHimachal Pradesh of India.[15]
Panch Prayag (Sanskrit:पंच-प्रयाग) is an expression inHindu religious ethos, specifically used to connote the five sacred river confluences in theGarhwal Himalayas in the state ofUttarakhand, India. The fiveSanskrit:prayags (meaning 'confluence'; also termedrayag pentad 'five river-confluences'), are, in descending flow sequence of their occurrence: Vishnu Prayag; Nand Prayag; Karn prayag; Rudra Prayag; and Dev Prayag.
The Alaknanda River, which originates in the eastern slopes ofglacier fields ofChaukhamba, is joined by the Saraswathi River nearMana (that originates on the south from the international border), and then flows in front of the Badrinath temple, one of the most revered Hindu shrines. It then meets the Dhauli Ganges River, whose origin is from the Niti Pass, after traveling a distance of 25 km (15.5 mi) from its source to form the Vishnu Prayag(30°33′45″N79°34′31″E / 30.5626°N 79.5754°E /30.5626; 79.5754 (Vishnu Prayag)). This stretch of the Alaknanda River is called the Vishnu Ganges. Legend narrates the worship offered by sageNarada to god Vishnu at this confluence. An octagonal shaped temple – located near the confluence – dated to 1889, is credited to Maharani ofIndore – Ahalyabai. Though originally built to install a Shivalinga, it now houses a Vishnu image. A stairway from this temple leads to the Vishnu kund (kund means pool of water or lake) at the confluence, which is seen in a tranquil state.[16][17]
Nand Prayag(30°19′56″N79°18′55″E / 30.3321°N 79.3154°E /30.3321; 79.3154 (Nand Prayag)) is the second prayag in the cascade sequence of the confluences where the Nandakini River joins the main Alaknanda River. According to one tale, a noble King Nanda performedYagnya (fire-sacrifice) and sought blessings of God. Hence, the confluence is named after him. The other version of the legend states that the confluence derives its name from theYadava kingNanda, the foster-father of godKrishna. According to the legend, Vishnu granted a boon of the birth of a son to Nanda and his wifeYashoda and also the same boon toDevaki, wife ofVasudeva. Placed in a dilemma, since both were his disciples, he ensured that Krishna, an incarnation of Vishnu, was born to Devaki and Vasudeva but was fostered by Yashoda and Nanda.[16][17] There is temple forGopal, a form of Krishna, here.[18] The legends also narrate that sageKanva did penance here and also that the wedding of KingDushyanta andShakuntala took place at this venue.[19]
Karn Prayag(30°15′49″N79°12′56″E / 30.2637°N 79.2156°E /30.2637; 79.2156 (Karn Prayag)) is the location where Alaknanda River is joined by thePindar River that originates from the Pindar glacier, below the Nanda Devi hill range.[16] The epicMahabharata legend narrates thatKarna did penance here and earned the protective gear ofKavacha (armour) andKundala (ear rings) from his father, theSun god, which gave him indestructible powers. The name of the confluence is thus derived from the name of Karna.[citation needed] There is reference to this site inMeghaduta, aSanskrit lyrical poetic drama written by the legendary poetKalidasa, which attributes that Satopanth and Bhagirath glaciers joined here to form the Pindar River. Another classic work by the same author called theAbhijnana-shakuntala also mentions thatShakuntala and king Dushyanta's romantic daliance occurred here.[20] It is also mentioned thatSwami Vivekananda mediatated here for eighteen days.[17]
The stone seat where Karna did penance is also seen here. A temple built in recent times to commemorate Karna has the deity of goddess Uma Devi (daughter of theHimalayas) here. The stone temple was rebuilt by guruAdi Shankaracharya. In the sanctum, the images of goddessParvati, her consortShiva and her elephant-headed sonGanesha are installed, next to that of Uma Devi, apart from Karna's image. A steep row of steps from the temple along a spur leads to the confluence point. And, down these steps, small shrines of Shiva and theBinayak Shila (the Ganesha stone) – that is believed to provide protection from danger – are located. Once every twelve years, a procession of the image of Uma Devi is taken around a few villages in the sub-divisional town of Karnaprayag.[citation needed]
At Rudra Prayag(30°17′16″N78°58′43″E / 30.2878°N 78.9787°E /30.2878; 78.9787 (Rudra Prayag)) the Alaknanda meets theMandakini River. The confluence is named after god Shiva, who is also known asRudra.[citation needed] According to a widely narrated legend, Shiva performed theTandava here, Tandava is a vigorous dance that is the source of the cycle of creation, preservation, and dissolution. Shiva also played his favourite musical instrument theRudra veena here. By playing the Veena, he enticed god Vishnu to his presence and converted him to water.[17]
Another legend narrates that sage Narada had become conceited by his Veena playing skills. The gods requested Krishna in order to set things right. Krishna told Narada that Shiva and his consortParvati were impressed by his musical talent. Narada was taken in by the praise and immediately set out to meet Shiva in the Himalayas. On the way at Rudra Prayag, he met several beautiful damsels calledraginis (musical notes) who were disfigured and the reason for such disfigurement was squarely attributed to Narada playing his Veena. Hearing this, Narada felt humbled and surrendered before Shiva and decided to devote himself to learning music as disciple of Shiva.[citation needed]
According to another legend, the consort of Shiva –Sati was reborn asParvati as the daughter of Himalaya, after she self-immolated herself in protest of the insult of Shiva. In spite of Himalaya's protests, Parvati performed rigorous penance to get the boon of becoming Shiva's wife in the new birth too.[citation needed]
Temples dedicated to Rudranath (Shiva) and goddessChamunda are located here.
Dev Prayag(30°08′43″N78°35′52″E / 30.1453°N 78.5977°E /30.1453; 78.5977 (Dev Prayag)) is the confluence of the two holy rivers, the Bhagirathi – the chief stream of the Ganges and the Alaknanda. It is the first Prayag on the way to Badrinath. Beyond this confluence, the river is known as Ganges. The holiness of this place is considered equal to the famousTriveni sangam confluence atAllahabad where the Ganges, Yamuna andSaraswati rivers merge.[17]
The confluence of the Bhagirathi, which flows in rapids with strong currents meets a much calmer river in the Alaknanda and this has been vividly described by the British captain Raper as:[21]
The contrast between the two rivers joining here is striking. The Bhaghirathi runs down a steep declivity with rapid force, roaring and foaming flowing over large fragments placed in its bed, while the placid, Alakananda, flowing, with a smooth, unruffled surface, gently winds round the point till, meeting with her turbulent consort, she is forcibly hurried down, and unites her clamours with the blustering current.
Haridwar is an important city in the religious architecture of the country, as i also hosts theKumbh Mela. The large number of people gathering on the bathing ghats on the holy Ganges river gives the place a chaotic feel. There are a number of Hindu temples, ashrams and dharamshalas (pilgrims' rest houses) in the city. The city also serves as the entry point to the nearbyRajaji National Park.[22][23]
Rishikesh has been a magnet for spiritual seekers since the late 60's whenThe Beatles rocked upMaharishi Mahesh Yogi's ashram. Known as the 'Yoga Capital of the World' because of the large number of ashrams teaching meditation and yoga. The northern part of the main town is the hotspot for all the action where the Ganges forested hills form a conducive environment for all the meditation. The evening aarti also draws a lot of crowd.[24]
Rishikesh also draws a lot of adventure sports lovers forRafting,[25]Bungee Jumping[26] andCamping[27] adventures on the banks ofRiver Ganges.
TheKumaon region of Uttarakhand is home to several freshwater lakes. Most of these lakes are situated inNainital district, due to which, Nainital is also known as the Lake district of India,[28] and four of them –Nainital,Bhimtal,Naukuchiatal andSattal (which is a collection of seven different lakes viz Purna Tal, Ram Tal, Sita Tal, Laxman Tal, Nal Damayanti Tal, Sukha Tal andGarud Tal) are under restoration with funds provided by the National Lake Conservation Plan (NLCP) of theGovernment of India.[29] Other prominent lakes in the region include Khurpatal, Sariyatal, Malwatal and Kamaltal.
With a height of 260.5 m (855 ft)Tehri Dam is thetallest dam in India. It is currently ranked No 10 on theList of Tallest Dams in the world. With a total planned installed capacity of 2400 MW, it's the biggest Hydroelectric power plant in India on theBhagirathi River inNew Tehri,Tehri Garhwal district.
Mussoorie, also known as theQueen of Hills, is one of the most popular hill stations in the country.[34] This tourist destination, located 35 km from Dehradun, is known for its views of the Himalayan ranges. Being situated at an altitude of about 2,005 meters (6,578 ft) above sea level, the climate here is cool and temperate. Mussoorie is also known for its major tourist spots, such as the Mall Road, Lal Tibba, Picture Palace, Library Chowk, Jari Pani and George Everest, surrounded by colonial-era bungalows and churches.
Dhanaulti, about 35 km (22 mi) from Mussoorie, is a hill station in the Tehri Garhwal district of Uttarakhand. It is situated in the Himalayan mountain range at an altitude of about 2,250 metres (7,380 ft) above sea level and is known for its views and forests of deodar.[35] Dhanaulti is a destination for adventure activities like trekking, camping, and ziplining. The city is also known for its ecotourism initiatives, such as the Surkanda Devi Temple and the Dhanaulti Adventure Park.[citation needed]
Auli is a hill station and ski Destination located in the Chamoli district of Uttarakhand. It is situated in the Himalayan mountain range at an altitude of about 2,909 metres (9,544 ft) above sea level. It is known for its snow-capped slopes and views of the surrounding peaks. Auli is located at a distance of about 10 km from Joshimath, which serves as the base town for Auli. Auli is also used as a base for trekking, skiing, camping and other outdoor activities in the surrounding area.
Known as the "City of Lakes,"Nainital is a picturesque hill station situated at an altitude of about 2,084 meters above sea level and the foothills of the Kumaon Range.[36] The main attractions of Nainital city are situated around the natural freshwater lake named Naini Lake. The lake is surrounded by hills and pine forests and is a common spot for boating and other water sports. This hill station is known for its Mall Road, a shopping and dining area. Nainital attracts tourists with its many colonial-era bungalows and churches, home to a cool, temperate climate.
Chakrata is a hill station and cantonment located in the Dehradun district of Uttarakhand. It is situated in the Himalayan mountain range at an altitude of about 2,118 meters above sea level and is known for its views and forests. Located about 100 km from the capital Dehradun, this place is ideal for trekking, camping and other outdoor activities. The city is also home to Tiger Falls, which attracts many tourists.[citation needed]
Munsiyari is a unique hill village situated amidst the snowy ranges ofPithoragarh district, which remains covered with snow most of the time.[37] It is situated in the Himalayan mountain range at an altitude of about 2,200 meters above sea level and is known for its scenery and green forests. The city is also known for its local cuisine and handicrafts. The climate of Munsiyari is cool and temperate, the atmosphere here drenches everyone who comes.
For tourism, trekking and religious pilgrimage,
Uttrakhand has many fairs, festivals,parikrama (clockwise religious circumambulation of sacred entities) andyatras (pilgrimages).
Haridwar Kumbh Mela (fair) is a major tourist attraction to the state. Haridwar is one of the four places in India where this takes place. Haridwar also has its big annual fair in the form of Magh Mela in January–February which turns into a bigger event every 6 years in the form of Ardh Magh Mela. Nanda Devi Mela and Nanda Devi Raj Yatra are great festivals of Uttarakhand, famous in all northern India. Nanda Devi Mela and Raj Yatra are the festivals of the goddess Nanda Devi, the bless-giving goddess.[22]
Nanda Devi Raj Jat is a three-week-longhindu festival andKurur toHomkundyatra (pilgrimage) organised once every 12 years inChamoli District ofGarhwal region ofUttarakhand state inIndia, involving a challenging trek covering around 280–290 km, with daily halts at various villages and high-altitude sites, culminating in religious ceremonies at Homkund. It begins at the Nanda Devi Siddhpith temple at Kurur village nearNandprayag, procceeds via Nauti, Ida Badhani, Kansuwa, Sem, Koti, Bhagwati, Kulsari, Nandkesari, Mundoli, Wan,Bedni Bugyal, Pathar Nachauni, Bhagwabasa,Trishuli,Roopkund, Shila Samudra, to Homkund. Future Nanda Devi Raj Jat pilgrimages are scheduled in 2026, 2038, 2050, 2062, etc.[48][49]Nanda Devi Lok Jat, the annual 1-2 day long localised pilgrimages are also held in Garhwal and Kumaun.[50][49]
Kumaoni Holi a regional variant of the Hindu festival of Holi is also very well known.
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