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TheTotonac culture orTotonec culture was a culture that existed among the indigenousMesoamericanTotonac people who lived mainly inVeracruz and northernPuebla. Originally, they formed a confederation of cities, but, in later times, it seems that they were organized in three dominions: North, South and Serran.[1] Its economy was agricultural and commercial. They had large urban centers such as:El Tajín (300–1200), which represents the height of the Totonac culture,Papantla(900–1519) andCempoala (900–1519).
The three centers or three hearts of their culture stand out for the very varied ceramics, the stone sculpture, the monumental architecture and advanced urban conception of the cities. Advances and perfection of forms achieved in the production of yokes, palms, axes, snakes, smiley faces and monumental mud sculptures are admirable.
According to the Dictionary of theNahuatl or Mexican Language, the term totonaca is the plural of totonacatl and refers to the inhabitants of the province ofTotonacapan. Some authors have pointed out that the term "totonaco" means "man of hot earth". In the Totonac language this word is composed by the terms tu'tu or a'ktu'tu referring to the number "three" and nacu meaning "heart ". The Totonacs use this term in the sense that Cempoala, Tajín and the Castillo de Teayo are the three representative centers of the group.
The ancient Totonacs developed in the central part of Veracruz and towards theLate Classic period, their occupational area reached south to thePapaloapan River basin, west to the municipalities of Acatlán state ofOaxaca, Chalchicomula state of Puebla, the Perote Valley, the mountains of Puebla andPapantla and the lowlands of theCazones River. The most relevant of the Totonac culture was reached during the Late Classic when they built ceremonial centers such as El Tajín,Yohualichán, Nepatecuhtlán, Las Higueras, Nopiloa and Zapotal. This area is known as theTotonacapan, the suffix Nahuatl -pan (over) refers to "place" or "land".
In 1519 a meeting took place among 30 Totonac towns in the City ofCempoala. This would seal forever his future and that of all the Mesoamerican nations. It is about the alliance that they established with the Spanish conquistadorHernán Cortés to march together to conquerTenochtitlan. The Totonacs voluntarily contributed 1300 warriors to the power of Cortés,[2] that, on the other hand, was accompanied by some 500 Spaniards.[3] The reasons for the alliance were to free themselves from the Mexica yoke. Once the defeat of the Mexica Empire was achieved, the Totonacs, including those of Cempoala, were in command of theSpanish Empire, and then evangelized and partly acculturized by the first and later Mexican viceroyal authorities.
They were converted into serfs of the Spaniards under theencomienda system, becoming serfs of the indigenous settlers and caciques, particularly in the nascent sugarcane crop, during the rule ofNuño de Guzmán.[4] A short time later, Cempoala was uninhabited and its culture extinguished and forgotten. The ancient Totonac culture was discovered again at the end of the 19th century by the Mexican archaeologist and historianFrancisco del Paso y Troncoso.[5]
Apparently, the Totonacs were part of theTula Empire and from 1450 they were conquered by theNahuas of theAztec Triple Alliance and joined the troops.
Currently, they inhabit 26 municipalities in the north of the State of Puebla and 14 municipalities in the north of the State of Veracruz, in Mexico, and preserve their ancestral language and customs.[5]
The Totonacs, like all the civilizations of Mesoamerica, were polytheists. The main cult surrendered to the Sun, with human sacrifices; In addition, they worshiped the Goddess of Corn, who was the wife of the Sun, their sacrifices were not human, since "She detested them", instead, they offered animal sacrifices and offerings of herbs and flowers. Another important divinity was "Old Thunder", the "Owner of all the waters, but not the rain", he wanted to flood the world, because people who drowned became his servants.
They made their clothes with natural fiber textiles. The traditional garment of Totonaca women was the "huipil", an embroidered dress, wide and long, that is still worn among the current Totonac women. The men wore only a loincloth.
Their houses consisted of only one rectangular room, in which, without divisions, were simple and scarce wooden furniture. The room had a thatched roof or palm leaves and the structures on the walls were thick sticks.
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