Dutch Totok couple wearing Dutch traditional clothing on New Year's Day 1926
Totok is an Indonesian term ofJavanese origin, used inIndonesia to refer to recent migrants ofArab,Chinese, or European origins.[1][2][3][4] In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries it was popularised among colonists inBatavia, who initially coined the term to describe the foreign born and new immigrants of "pure blood" – as opposed to people of mixed indigenous and foreign descent, such as thePeranakan Arabs, Chinese or Europeans (the latter being better known as theIndo people).[3][5][4]
When more pure-blooded Arabs, Chinese and Dutchmen were born in the East Indies, the term gained significance in describing those of exclusive or almost exclusive foreign ancestry.[1][3][4]
'Peranakan' is theantonym of 'Totok', the former meaning simply 'descendants' (of mixed roots), and the latter meaning 'pure'.[4][6]
Chinese were divided into Thanh people (like Totok) and Minh Huong (mixed Chinese Vietnamese like Peranakan) in 1829 by Emperor Minh Mang of the Nguyen dynasty.[7]
^abUlbe Bosma & Remco Raben (2008).Being "Dutch" in the Indies: A History of Creolisation and Empire, 1500–1920 (11 April 1996 ed.). National University of Singapore Press. pp. 186–286.ISBN978-0-89680-261-2.
^Charles A. Coppel, "Diaspora and hybridity:Peranakan Chinese culture in Indonesia", inRoutledge Handbook of the Chinese Diaspora, edited by Chee-Beng Tan, pp. 346-347
^Willems, Wim "Tjalie Robinson; Biografie van een Indo-schrijver" Chapter: Een Totok als vader (Publisher: Bert Bakker, 2008) p. 45ISBN9789035133099.
^Tan, Mely G. (2008) (in English and Indonesian), Etnis Tionghoa di Indonesia: Kumpulan Tulisan [Ethnic Chinese in Indonesia: Collected Writings] (Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia, 2008)ISBN978-979-461-689-5 p. 1
^Tran, Khanh (1997)."8 Ethnic Chinese in Vietnam and Their Identity". In Suryadinata, Leo (ed.).Ethnic Chinese as Southeast Asians. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 272.ISBN9813055502.Until 1829 their children were considered to be Chinese, but later they were regarded as Vietnamese and were ... to reside in Vietnam.10 The preferential treatment for Chinese immigrants and naturalization exercise under Nguyen rules ...
Taylor, Jean Gelman.The Social World of Batavia: European and Eurasian in Dutch Asia (Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1983).ISBN9780300097092
Taylor, Jean Gelman.Indonesia: Peoples and Histories (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003).ISBN0300097093
