Atornado outbreak is the occurrence of multipletornadoes spawned by the samesynoptic scale weather system.[1] The number of tornadoes required to qualify as an outbreak typically are at least six to ten, with at least two rotational locations (ifsquall line) or at least twosupercells producingmultiple tornadoes.[2][3]
The tornadoes usually occur within the same day or continue into the early morning hours of the succeeding day, and within the same region. Most definitions allow for a break in tornado activity (time elapsed from the end of the last tornado to the beginning of the next tornado) of six hours. If tornado activity indeed resumes after such a lull, many definitions consider the event to be a new outbreak. A series of continuous or nearly continuous tornado outbreak days is atornado outbreak sequence.[4] In the United States and Canada, tornado outbreaks usually occur from March through June in theGreat Plains, theMidwestern United States, and the Southeastern United States in an area colloquially referred to asTornado Alley. Tornado outbreaks can also occur during other times of the year and in other parts of the world. A secondary less active and annually inconsistent tornado "season" in the U.S. occurs in late autumn.[5]
A timeline showing three day sequences with at least four violent tornadoes and the number of deaths associated with each. (1875–2014)
Very large tornado outbreaks are known assuper outbreaks. The largest tornado outbreak on record was the2011 Super Outbreak, with 362 tornadoes and about $10 billion in direct damages.[6] It surpassed the1974 Super Outbreak, in which 148 tornadoes were counted. Both occurred within the United States and Canada. The total number of tornadoes is a problematic method of comparing outbreaks from different periods, however, as many more weaker tornadoes, but not stronger tornadoes, are reported in the US in recent decades than in previous ones due to improvements in tornado detection.[7]
Atornado outbreak sequence, ortornado outbreak day sequence, sometimes referred to as anextended tornado outbreak, is a period of continuous or nearly continuous hightornado activity consisting of a series of tornado outbreaks over multiple days with no or very few days lacking tornado outbreaks.[4]
Tornado outbreak sequences tend to dominate the tornado statistics for a year and often cause a spike in tornado numbers for the entire year. Not all periods of active tornado occurrences are outbreak sequences, there must be no break in the activity to satisfy the definition. Active periods occur ranging from every year to every several years whereas continuously active periods are less common and can be rare depending on the parameters applied to define a sequence. By the late 2010s, medium to long rangeforecasting advanced sufficiently that some periods of high tornado activity can be somewhat reliably predicted several days to several weeks in advance.[12]
^Grazulis, Thomas P. (1993).Significant Tornadoes 1680-1991: A Chronology and Analysis of Events. St. Johnsbury, VT: The Tornado Project of Environmental Films.ISBN978-1-879362-03-1.
Moller, Alan R. (1979). "The Climatology and Synoptic Meteorology of Southern Plains' Tornado Outbreaks".M.S. Thesis. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma.
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