Tongliao 通辽市 ᠲᠦᠩᠯᠢᠶᠣᠤ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ | |
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.jpg) Zhelimu Bridge | |
.svg) Location of Tongliao City jurisdiction in Inner Mongolia | |
  Tongliao Location of the city centre in Inner Mongolia | |
| Coordinates (Tongliao municipal government):43°39′14″N122°14′35″E / 43.654°N 122.243°E /43.654; 122.243 | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Autonomous region | Inner Mongolia |
| Municipal seat | Horqin District |
| Area | |
| 58,862 km2 (22,727 sq mi) | |
| • Metro | 3,516 km2 (1,358 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 179 m (587 ft) |
| Highest elevation | 1,444.2 m (4,738.2 ft) |
| Population (2020 census)[3] | |
| 2,873,168 | |
| • Density | 49/km2 (130/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 1,437,489 |
| • Metro | 921,808 |
| • Metro density | 260/km2 (680/sq mi) |
| GDP[4] | |
| • Prefecture-level city | CN¥ 187.7 billion US$ 30.1 billion |
| • Per capita | CN¥ 60,128 US$ 9,654 |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| ISO 3166 code | CN-NM-05 |
| Website | tongliao |
| Tongliao | |||||||||||||
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| Chinese name | |||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 通辽 | ||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 通遼 | ||||||||||||
| Literal meaning | "ThroughLiao" | ||||||||||||
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| Mongolian name | |||||||||||||
| Mongolian Cyrillic | Тонляо хот | ||||||||||||
| Mongolian script | ᠲᠦᠩᠯᠢᠶᠣᠤ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ | ||||||||||||
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Tongliao[a] is aprefecture-level city in easternInner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. The area is 59,535 square kilometres (22,987 sq mi) and as of the 2020 census, its population was 2,873,168 (3,139,153 in 2010). However, the city proper made of Horqin district, had 921,808 inhabitants.[3] The city was the administrative centre of the defunctJirem League.[b]
The original Mongolian name for Tongliaocity proper (i.e.Horqin District) isBayisingtu (Chinese:白音泰赉;pinyin:Báiyīntàilài;lit. 'having buildings'), while the original name of the prefecture-level city isJirem. TheMongolian dialect spoken in this area isKhorchin Mongolian.
Human settlement in Tongliao and the surroundingKhorchin area dates from at least 1000 BC. The Donghu people, a tribe who spoke a proto-Mongolian language, settled in today's Tongliao area, north ofYan during theWarring States period.[5] their culture was associated with theUpper Xiajiadian culture, characterized by the practice of agriculture and animal husbandry supplemented by handicrafts and bronze art.[6] Later, the Tongliao area was controlled byXiongnu,Xianbei, andKhitan tribes.
After the Mongolian Khanate had established theYuan Dynasty in Chinese territory, Tongliao was put under the jurisdiction ofLiaoyang province, whose provincial capital was in today'sLiaoning Province. In the earlyQing period,Khorchin,Dörbod,Jalaid andGorlos tribes met in Jirem to establish an alliance, and the Jirem League was founded in 1636 to administer Khorchin territory. The Jirem League had jurisdiction over six Khorchinbanners, two Gorlos banners, one Dorbod banner and one Jalaid banner. During theRepublican period, the Jirem League and the surrounding Khorchin area was controlled by theFengtian and Liaoning provinces.
In 1918, Tongliao County was first established under the administration of the Jirem League and Fengtian province. After the JapaneseKwantung Army invadedManchuria in 1931, a Japanese-controlled puppet stateManchukuo was established inXinjing, 280 kilometers away from today's Tongliao urban area. The Manchukuo government set upXing'an Province and soon divided it into four parts, in order to govern the western part of formerHeilongjiang,Jilin andFengtian provinces. These Xing'an provinces roughly overlap today's eastern part ofInner Mongolia, including today's Hulunbuir League, Xingan League, Chifeng and Tongliao. After the dissolution of the Manchukuo state, the Jirem League was governed by Liaoning andLiaobei provinces untilUlanhu establishedInner Mongolia inUlanhot, governing eastern Mongolian areas including the Hulunbuir, Jirem and Ju Ud leagues. After 1969, the Jirem League was put under the administration of Jilin province administration for 10 years until 1979. In 1999, the Jirem League became defunct and changed its name to Tongliao city, which was set up a prefecture-level city.
In 1924,Oomoto leaderOnisaburo Deguchi,Aikido founderMorihei Ueshiba, andLu Zhankui were arrested by Chinese authorities in Tongliao. Lu and his men were executed by firing squad, but Deguchi and Ueshiba were released into the customer of the Japanese consul.
Tongliao spans latitude 42°15' – 45°41' and longitude 119°15' – 123°43',[7] and bordersJilin province to the east,Liaoning to the south,Chifeng to the southwest, theXilin Gol League to the west, and theHinggan League to the north. Not far from Tongliao are silica sands. Tongliao has a total area of 59,535 square kilometres (22,987 sq mi), accounting for 5.4% of Inner Mongolia's total.[8]
Tongliao's topography primarily consists of plains,[7] though the northern stretch of the prefecture extends into the eastern foothills of the southernGreater Khingan.[7] The central and eastern parts of the prefecture are marked by the plains of theXiliao, Xinkai River (新开河), and Jiaolai rivers (教来河), collectively forming the Sanhe Plain (三河平原; 'three rivers' plain').[7] The highest point in the prefecture is Tunte'er Peak (吞特尔峰), at 1,444.2 m (4,738 ft).[1][2]
Tongliao has a four-season,monsoon-influenced,continentalsteppe climate (KöppenBSk), with long, cold, windy, but dry winters, and hot, humid summers. Monthly mean temperatures range from −13.0 °C (8.6 °F) in January to 24.2 °C (75.6 °F) in July, with an annual mean of 7.11 °C (44.8 °F). Much of the year's rainfall occurs from June to August, and even then dry and sunny weather dominates in the city. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 57% in July to 78% in January, sunshine is abundant year-round, with 3,054 hours of bright sunshine annually.
| Climate data for Tongliao, elevation 179 m (587 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1936–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 9.7 (49.5) | 19.0 (66.2) | 25.7 (78.3) | 35.5 (95.9) | 41.5 (106.7) | 39.7 (103.5) | 38.7 (101.7) | 38.5 (101.3) | 33.5 (92.3) | 30.2 (86.4) | 21.1 (70.0) | 14.6 (58.3) | 41.5 (106.7) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −6.4 (20.5) | −1.0 (30.2) | 6.8 (44.2) | 16.4 (61.5) | 23.8 (74.8) | 28.2 (82.8) | 29.9 (85.8) | 28.6 (83.5) | 24.0 (75.2) | 15.2 (59.4) | 3.7 (38.7) | −4.8 (23.4) | 13.7 (56.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −12.5 (9.5) | −7.6 (18.3) | 0.2 (32.4) | 9.8 (49.6) | 17.4 (63.3) | 22.3 (72.1) | 24.7 (76.5) | 23.1 (73.6) | 17.2 (63.0) | 8.5 (47.3) | −2.2 (28.0) | −10.5 (13.1) | 7.5 (45.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −17.4 (0.7) | −13.2 (8.2) | −5.7 (21.7) | 3.4 (38.1) | 11.0 (51.8) | 16.5 (61.7) | 19.9 (67.8) | 18.1 (64.6) | 11.2 (52.2) | 2.8 (37.0) | −7.0 (19.4) | −15.1 (4.8) | 2.0 (35.7) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −33.9 (−29.0) | −28.7 (−19.7) | −22.8 (−9.0) | −13.9 (7.0) | −2.2 (28.0) | 3.5 (38.3) | 10.8 (51.4) | 5.9 (42.6) | −2.2 (28.0) | −11.2 (11.8) | −23.0 (−9.4) | −31.6 (−24.9) | −33.9 (−29.0) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 1.4 (0.06) | 1.6 (0.06) | 6.3 (0.25) | 15.2 (0.60) | 37.0 (1.46) | 75.3 (2.96) | 101.7 (4.00) | 91.7 (3.61) | 23.8 (0.94) | 18.5 (0.73) | 7.3 (0.29) | 2.2 (0.09) | 382 (15.05) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.1 mm) | 1.8 | 1.5 | 2.8 | 4.4 | 7.3 | 10.8 | 10.9 | 9.0 | 6.0 | 3.6 | 2.5 | 2.7 | 63.3 |
| Average snowy days | 3.3 | 2.7 | 3.7 | 1.5 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.9 | 3.4 | 4.5 | 20.2 |
| Averagerelative humidity (%) | 52 | 43 | 39 | 39 | 45 | 59 | 71 | 71 | 60 | 53 | 51 | 54 | 53 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 219.5 | 228.6 | 269.8 | 265.0 | 279.2 | 259.4 | 240.9 | 251.2 | 256.6 | 240.9 | 201.6 | 198.8 | 2,911.5 |
| Percentagepossible sunshine | 76 | 77 | 73 | 65 | 61 | 56 | 52 | 59 | 69 | 72 | 70 | 72 | 67 |
| Source 1:China Meteorological Administration[9][10][11] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Weather China[12] | |||||||||||||
| Map | |||||||
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| Name | Mongolian | Hanzi | Hanyu Pinyin | Population (2020) | Area (km2) | Density (/km2) | |
| Horqin District | ᠬᠣᠷᠴᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠣᠷᠢᠭ (Qorčin toɣoriɣ) | 科尔沁区 | Kē'ěrqìn Qū | 921,808 | 3,515.69 | 262 | |
| Holingol city | ᠬᠣᠣᠯᠢᠨ ᠭᠣᠣᠯ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ (Qoolin Ɣool qota) | 霍林郭勒市 | Huòlínguōlè Shì | 138,676 | 584.65 | 237 | |
| Kailu County | ᠺᠠᠶᠢᠯᠦ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨ (Ḵayilü siyan) | 开鲁县 | Kāilǔ Xiàn | 313,364 | 4,353.20 | 72 | |
| Hure Banner | ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ (Küriy-e qosiɣu) | 库伦旗 | Kùlún Qí | 151,133 | 4,709 | 32 | |
| Naiman Banner | ᠨᠠᠢᠮᠠᠨ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ (Naiman qosiɣu) | 奈曼旗 | Nàimàn Qí | 375,312 | 8,135.22 | 46 | |
| Jarud Banner | ᠵᠠᠷᠤᠳ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ (Jarud qosiɣu) | 扎鲁特旗 | Zālǔtè Qí | 251,806 | 16,491.6 | 15 | |
| Horqin Left Middle Banner (Horqin Jun Garun Dundad Banner) | ᠬᠣᠷᠴᠢᠨ ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠨ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ (Qorčin Jegün Ɣarun Dumdadu qosiɣu) | 科尔沁左翼中旗 | Kē'ěrqìn Zuǒyì Zhōng Qí | 399,631 | 9,572.54 | 42 | |
| Horqin Left Back Banner (Horqin Jun Garun Hoit Banner) | ᠬᠣᠷᠴᠢᠨ ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠨ ᠬᠣᠶᠢᠲᠤ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ (Qorčin Jegün Ɣarun Qoyitu qosiɣu) | 科尔沁左翼后旗 | Kē'ěrqìn Zuǒyì Hòu Qí | 321,438 | 11,499.64 | 28 | |
Ethnic groups in Tongliao, 2010 census.
| Ethnicity | Population | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Han | 1,592,279 | 50.72% |
| Mongol | 1,441,275 | 45.91% |
| Manchu | 88,316 | 2.81% |
| Hui | 12,462 | 0.4% |
| Korean | 2,421 | 0.08% |
| Xibe | 890 | 0.03% |
| Daur | 548 | 0.02% |
Tongliao railway station is a railway hub in both Inner Mongolia and Northeast China. Tongliao-Beijing Railway conveniently connects the city with Beijing.Jining–Tongliao railway connects Inner Mongolia. There are also railways connecting Tongliao with Shenyang and Daqing. State Highway 111, State Highway 303, State Highway 304 and State Highway 204 run through the city and extend to harbor cities such as Tianjin, Dalian, and Qinhuangdao. The city is served byTongliao Airport.[13]
TheInner Mongolia University for Nationalities (内蒙古民族大学)andInner Mongolia College of Farming and Animal Husbandry (merged into the Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities) are among the educational institutions of Tongliao.
Additionally Tongliao Mongolian Middle School (通辽蒙古族中学) is there.[14]
Every summer, theNaadam festival is held at Tongliao's Zhurihe Ranch.[15][better source needed]
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