Tongeren | |
|---|---|
City andmunicipality | |
 View of the Grote Markt | |
 Flag  Coat of arms | |
Location of Tongeren  | |
  Tongeren Location in Belgium Location of Tongeren in Limburg  | |
| Coordinates:50°47′N05°28′E / 50.783°N 5.467°E /50.783; 5.467 | |
| Country |  Belgium |
| Community | Flemish Community |
| Region | Flemish Region |
| Province |  Limburg |
| Arrondissement | Tongeren |
| Area | |
• Total | 87.81 km2 (33.90 sq mi) |
| Population (2020-01-01)[1] | |
• Total | 31,142 |
| • Density | 350/km2 (920/sq mi) |
| Postal codes | 3700 |
| NIS code | 73083 |
| Area codes | 012 |
| Website | www.tongeren.be |
Tongeren (Dutch:[ˈtɔŋərə(n)]ⓘ;French:Tongres[tɔ̃ɡʁ];German:Tongern[ˈtɔŋɐn];Limburgish:Tóngere[ˈtʊŋəʀə])[tone?] is acity and formermunicipality located in theBelgian province ofLimburg, in the southeastern corner of theFlemish region of Belgium. Tongeren is the oldest town inBelgium, as the onlyRoman administrative capital within the country's borders. As a Roman city, it was inhabited by theTungri, and known asAtuatuca Tungrorum, it was the administrative centre of theCivitas Tungrorum district. Since 1 January 2025, it is part of the new municipalityTongeren-Borgloon
The Romans referred to Tongeren asAduatuca Tungrorum orAtuatuca Tongrorum,[2] and it was the capital of the largeRoman province ofCivitas Tungrorum, an area which covered modernBelgian Limburg, and at least parts of all the areas around it. Before the Roman conquests, this area was inhabited by the group ofBelgic tribes known as theGermani cisrhenani. (Despite being known as theGermani, whether they spoke aGermanic language is debated, and the names of their tribes and their leaders wereCeltic.) Specifically theEburones were the largest of these tribes and the one living around Tongeren.
Caesar referred to the fort of the Eburones asAduatuca, and this has led to a widely accepted proposal that this can be equated to Tongeren. There are counter arguments that the word "Aduatuca" was probably a general word for a fort in this region, meaning that there might have been more places with the same name, and that Tongeren shows no signs of pre-Roman occupation, nor the hilly terrain described by Caesar. There was also a distinct tribe in the area known as theAduatuci.[3] On the other hand, it has the same name and function as a local capital, and is in generally the right area. If it is not Tongeren itself, the Aduatuca of the Eburones might be the ancient fortification ofCaestert in nearbyRiemst.
DuringJulius Caesar’s campaigns in this part ofGaul in the first century BC, the Belgae revolted against the campaign of Caesar, led by the Eburones. They destroyed a legion that had demanded the right to winter among them in 54 BC. Caesar reported that he sold the Aduatuci into slavery, and annihilated the name of the Eburones, many of whom however he reported having fled successfully, includingAmbiorix the leader of the revolt. Instead of risking Roman lives to pursue them he invited tribes from over the Rhine, such as theSigambri to come and plunder. This back-fired when Eburones pointed out to the Sigambri that the Romans had all the booty at Aduatuca, and were the more attractive target.
TheTungri, not mentioned by Caesar, came to dominate this area in the Roman era, and are the reason for the name of the modern name Tongeren.Tacitus says thatTungri was a new name for the original tribes who had previously been called theGermani. But many modern writers believe that the Gallo-Roman population of the area contained a significant amount of more recent Germanic immigrants from across the Rhine. Located on the important road linkingCologne toBavay via the relay ofLiberchies, and surrounded by the fertile lands of theHesbaye region, Roman Tongeren quickly became one of the largestGallo-Roman administrative and military towns in the first century. It suffered from a destructive fire during theBatavian siege in 70 AD, which was part of theBatavian revolt. In the second century, it erected a defensive wall, portions of which can still be seen today. Typical Roman buildings were built in town, whilevillas and mound graves (tumuli) dotted the surrounding area.
In 358 the futureemperor Julian met, in Tongeren, a delegation ofSalian Franks who had recently settled inToxandria (the modernCampine region), to the north of Tongeren. They wanted peace but spoke "as if the ground they had seized were rightfully their own". Julian gave ambiguous replies and then after the meetings sent a surprise attack along the Maas orMeuse river, and "they met him with entreaties rather than with resistance, he received the submission of them and their children".[4] They became increasingly important after this time.Zosimus reports that Julian used them as part of his forces in fights against other Germanic tribes.[5]
Already in the fourth century, just as the Salian Franks were settling to the north, the city became the center of a Christian diocese under the influence ofSaint Servatius,bishop of Tongeren, who died in 384 AD. In the meantime, the Franks to the north and east were pagan and so many areas had to be reconverted over the course of the following centuries, with several missionaries becoming martyrs. The seat of the Tungrian bishopric however eventually moved to nearbyMaastricht, after Saint Servatius was buried near the Roman town there. Much later,Liège became the seat of what would become theRoman Catholic Diocese of Liège, the church equivalent to the Civitas Tungrorum. This was the resting place of SaintLambert of Maastricht, one of the last missionaries in the area, who died about 700 AD.[6] Aduatuca Tungrorum may have been destroyed by the Huns in 451 AD. Tongeren therefore lost some importance during this period.
Significant waves of Germanic settlers and invaders changed the area. TheMerovingian period between the fifth and the eighth century is not well documented. The building of a new church and the foundation of a chapter ofcanons took place inCarolingian times, at the very place where the old bishops’ houses stood, and where the basilica still stands today. The construction of the current basilica started at the beginning of the thirteenth century in the prevalentGothic style of that period. Other buildings were added to the religious core of the city, including new commercial areas, hospitals and artisans quarters. The thirteenth century also saw the building of the medieval defensive wall, several new churches and cloisters, and the beguinage. The city became one of the “bonnes villes” ("good cities") of thePrince-Bishopric of Liège.
In 1677, the city was burned almost entirely byLouis XIV’s troops, acatastrophe from which Tongeren never completely recovered. The rebirth of the city dates from after 1830.
In 1977 the neighbouring municipalities of Berg,Diets-Heur, Henis, 's-Herenelderen, Koninksem, Lauw,Mal, Neerrepen, Nerem, Overrepen, Piringen, Riksingen,Rutten, Sluizen, Vreren and Widooie merged into Tongeren.[7]
Tongeren is currently the judicial capital of the province of Belgian Limburg.
Ancient times
Modern times
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