| Tombonuo | |
|---|---|
| Lobu · Mutangar Tombonuo | |
| Native to | Malaysia |
| Region | Sabah |
| Ethnicity | Tambanuo |
Native speakers | (10,000 cited 2000)[1] 3,000 Lingkabau (2003)[1] |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | txa |
| Glottolog | tomb1244 |
Tombonuwo (Tambonuo) is a Paitanic language spoken in the Pitas and Labuk-Sugut Districts of northwestSabah,Malaysia.[2][3]
Source:[4]
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | pb | t̪ | d | kg | ʔ | |
| Fricative | s | |||||
| Affricate | dʒ | |||||
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||
| Lateral | l | |||||
| Tap | ɾ | |||||
| Semi-vowel | w | j |
The phonemes/p,t,k,s,ʔ/ are voiceless. All other expressions are voiced.
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| High | i | u |
| Non-high | a | o |
/o/ is often pronounced as unrounded[ʌ].
/a/ is neutralized to[ʌ] in a pre-stressed syllable.
Sabahan languages are characterized by "focus" morphology, which marks a syntactic relationship between the predicate of a clause and the "focused" noun phrase of the clause[5] (seeAustronesian alignment).
Tombonuwo has four focus categories, conventionally labelled "actor", "patient", "referent" and "theme".[6] Focus is marked by affixation on the verb.
Source:[6]
The only marked tense in Tombonuwo is past tense.
Source:[6]
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