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Tomb

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Repository for the remains of the dead

For other uses, seeTomb (disambiguation).
"Sepulchre" and "Entombment" redirect here. For other uses, seeSepulchre (disambiguation) andEntombment (disambiguation).
TheTomb of I'timād-ud-Daulah inAgra, India

Atomb (fromAncient Greek:τύμβοςtumbos, meaning "mound" or "burial monument") is a repository for the remains of the dead. It may be above or below ground and can vary greatly in form, size, and cultural significance. Tombs are one of the oldest forms of funerary monuments, serving both as a means offinal disposition and as expressions of religious belief, commemoration, and social status.[1]

Placing a body in a tomb can be calledentombment, distinct from simplerburial practices. Tombs often involve architectural or artistic design and can become significant cultural or religious landmarks.[2]

Types of tombs

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The term "tomb" encompasses a wide variety of structures and traditions, ranging from prehistoric burial mounds to elaborate monumental mausoleums.

Prehistoric and ancient tombs

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TheUrn Tomb atPetra, Jordan

Many early societies constructed tombs using earth, stone, and timber, often imbued with religious or ritual significance.

Architectural tombs and monuments

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Reconstruction model of theMausoleum at Halicarnassus

Freestanding and often monumental tombs became important markers of dynastic, royal, or religious power.

Tombs within religious contexts

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Crypt of theChurch of Saint Sava, Belgrade

Many religious traditions incorporate tombs into sacred buildings or cemeteries.

  • Burial vault: An underground stone or brick-lined chamber, often family-owned, located in cemeteries or beneath churches.[9]
  • Crypt: An underground chamber beneath a church, often used for bishops, saints, or patrons.[12]
  • Church monument: An effigy-bearing monument within a church, commemorating nobles or clergy.[9]
  • Charnel house: A building for storing skeletal remains, common in medieval Europe.[2]
  • Shrine: A structure above the first burial place of a saint, distinct from a reliquary.[10]
  • Sepulchre: A cavernous rock-cut tomb, particularly in Jewish and Christian traditions (e.g., theHoly Sepulchre in Jerusalem).[10]
  • Ohel: A structure around the grave of aHasidic leader.
  • Islamic tombs: Mausoleums or shrines calledMazar,Türbe,Qubba,Dargah, orGongbei, often places of pilgrimage.[13][14]
  • Samadhi: In India, a tomb-shrine for saints, combining funerary and devotional elements.[1]

Symbolism and cultural significance

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Tombs embody the beliefs, values, and aesthetics of the societies that created them. They may symbolize:

  • continuity of life after death,[15]
  • political power and dynastic legitimacy,[7]
  • artistic expression through sculpture, painting, and architecture,[8]
  • pilgrimage and veneration, especially in religious contexts.[10][12]

Notable examples

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Some of the most famous tombs worldwide include:

Gallery of tomb types

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See also

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References

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  1. ^abcdefRenfrew, Colin; Bahn, Paul (2012).Archaeology: Theories, Methods, and Practice. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0500292105.
  2. ^abAriès, Philippe (1981).The Hour of Our Death. Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0394751566.
  3. ^Lloyd, Alan B. (2010).A Companion to Ancient Egypt. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1405155984.
  4. ^Arnold, Dieter (1991).Building in Egypt: Pharaonic Stone Masonry. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195063509.
  5. ^abHawass, Zahi (2003).The Treasures of the Pyramids. American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 978-9774248258.
  6. ^Budge, E.A. Wallis (1967).The Egyptian Book of the Dead. Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0486218663.
  7. ^abcCurl, James Stevens (2002).The Egyptian Revival: Ancient Egypt as the Inspiration for Design Motifs in the West. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415243267.
  8. ^abBoardman, John (1995).Greek Sculpture: The Classical Period. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0500201985.
  9. ^abcToynbee, Jocelyn M.C. (1971).Death and Burial in the Roman World. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0801839672.
  10. ^abcdeBrown, Peter (1981).The Cult of the Saints: Its Rise and Function in Latin Christianity. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0226076225.
  11. ^Bešlagić, Šefik (1982).Stećci: Kultura i umjetnost. Veselin Masleša.
  12. ^abElsner, Jas (1998).Imperial Rome and Christian Triumph: The Art of the Roman Empire A.D. 100–450. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0192842015.
  13. ^Flood, Finbarr B. (2001).The Great Mosque of Damascus: Studies on the Makings of an Umayyad Visual Culture. Brill. ISBN 978-9004116380.
  14. ^Grabar, Oleg (1996).The Shape of the Holy: Early Islamic Jerusalem. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691038164.
  15. ^Silverman, David P. (1991).Religion in Ancient Egypt: Gods, Myths, and Personal Practice. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0801483349.
  16. ^Merueñas, Mark (4 November 2012)."Where emperors sleep: Japan's keyhole-shaped burial mounds".GMA News Online. Retrieved11 January 2017.

External links

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  • Media related toTombs at Wikimedia Commons
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