Tolkien's monsters are theevil beings, such asOrcs,Trolls, andgiant spiders, who oppose and sometimes fight the protagonists inJ. R. R. Tolkien'sMiddle-earth legendarium.[1][2] Tolkien was an expert onOld English, especiallyBeowulf, and several of hismonsters share aspects of theBeowulf monsters; hisTrolls have been likened toGrendel, the Orcs' name harks back to the poem'sorcneas, and the dragonSmaug has multiple attributes oftheBeowulf dragon.The European medieval tradition of monsters makes them either humanoid but distorted, or like wild beasts, but very large and malevolent;Tolkien follows both traditions, with monsters likeOrcs of the first kind andWargs of the second. Some scholars add Tolkien's immensely powerful Dark LordsMorgoth andSauron to the list, as monstrous enemies in spirit as well as in body.Scholars have noted that the monsters' evil nature reflects Tolkien'sRoman Catholicism, a religion which has a clear conception of good and evil.
The word "monster" has as its origin theLatinmonstrum, "a marvel, prodigy, portent", in turn from Latinmonstrare, "to show".[1] Monsters in medieval Europe were often humanoid, but could also resemble wild beasts, but of enormous size;J. R. R. Tolkien followed both paths in creating his own monsters.[1]
Some of Tolkien's monsters may derive from his detailed knowledge of the Old English epic poemBeowulf;Gollum has some attributes ofGrendel, while the dragonSmaug inThe Hobbit shares several features withtheBeowulf dragon.[3][4] The poem, too, speaks of Orcs, with the Old English compoundorcneas, meaning "demon-corpses". In his famous 1936 lecture, "Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics", Tolkien described the poem's monsters as central to its structure, changing the course ofBeowulf scholarship.[1] Commentators have noted that Tolkien clearly preferred the epic's monsters to the critics.[5]
In theJ.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia,Jonathan Evans initially identifies two categories of monster inTolkien's legendarium. The first includesTrolls,Orcs, andBalrogs, which are humanoid, but distorted in various ways; the second consists of malevolent beasts which resemble those of the natural world, but are much larger, such as the wolflikeWargs, the giant evil spiders –Ungoliant and her brood includingShelob – and the tentacledWatcher in the Water.[1] The featherless winged steeds of theNazgûl are monstrous in the second way, gigantic but evidently based on nature, and "apt to evil".[1] Tolkien never names them, though he describes them as "fell beasts", and describes them in a letter as "pterodactylic".[T 1][T 2]
Evans notes that Tolkien's dragons, "an especially important monstrous type", do not fit either of these categories,[1] and he treats those "extraordinarily large, reptilian creatures ... preternaturally evil monsters" separately.[7] Dragons are mentioned only in passing inThe Lord of the Rings, but dragons that can speak but which are certainly not humanoid are important characters in bothThe Silmarillion andThe Hobbit.[7]
Tolkien was not consistent in his allocation of monsters to these categories. InThe Hobbit, the hill-trolls are initially comic; they are carnivorous but not particularly malevolent, have vulgar table manners, and speak, withCockney accents. However, when the WizardGandalf outwits them, the scholar Christina Fawcett writes, these Trolls are seen as "monstrous, a warning against vice, captured forever in stone for their greed and anger".[6] The critic Gregory Hartley adds that the Trolls inThe Silmarillion andThe Lord of the Rings are "more bestial" and much less like the trolls ofNorse mythology;[8] Fawcett compares them to the monsterGrendel inBeowulf.[6] Tolkien's description runs: "Olog-hai they were called in theBlack Speech. That Sauron bred them none doubted, though from what stock was not known... Trolls they were, but filled with the evil will of their master: a fell race, strong, agile, fierce and cunning, but harder than stone. Unlike the older race of the Twilight they could endure the Sun, so long as the will of Sauron held sway over them. They spoke little, and the only tongue that they knew was the Black Speech ofBarad-dûr."[T 3]
Other scholars sometimes add the Legendarium's powerful opponents to the list of monsters; Joe Abbott, writing inMythlore, describes the Dark LordsMorgoth andSauron as monsters, intelligent and powerful but wholly gone over to evil. Abbott notes that inThe Monsters and the Critics, Tolkien distinguished between ordinary monsters in the body, and monsters also in spirit:[9]
The distinction [is] between a devilish ogre, and a devil revealing himself in ogre-form—between a monster, devouring the body and bringing temporal death, that is inhabited by a cursed spirit, and a spirit of evil aiming ultimately at the soul and bringing eternal death"[9]
By going beyond the limits of the body with these monstrous Dark Lords, Tolkien had in Abbott's view made the "ultimate transformation" for a Christian author, creating "a far more terrifying monster".[9]
Tolkien'sRoman Catholicism gave him a clear sense of good and evil, and a ready symbolism to hand: light symbolises good, and darkness evil, as it does in the Bible.[10][11]
InThe Fellowship of the Ring, the first evil being that the Hobbits encounter after leavingthe Shire on the quest to destroy theOne Ring isOld Man Willow, a powerful tree or tree-spirit who controls much of theOld Forest. He is wholly malevolent.[T 4][12] Outside the entrance to Moria, theCompany is again attacked, this time by theWatcher in the Water.[1] It specifically seizesFrodo, the ring-bearer, as if it knew and opposed the quest.[T 5] Evans comments that though clearly deadly dangerous, the monster is vague, only sketchily described in the text.[1]
Evans notes that "vaguer still", possibly not even living, are the "monstrous Watchers" that guard the gate of the Tower of Cirith Ungol, on a pass into the evil land ofMordor.[1] Tolkien describes them as aware, but immobile, with an indwelling "spirit of evil vigilance":[T 6]
They were like great figures seated upon thrones. Each had three joined bodies, and three heads facing outward, and inward, and across the gateway. The heads had vulture-faces, and on their great knees were laid clawlike hands. They seemed to be carved out of huge blocks of stone, immovable, and yet they were aware: some dreadful spirit of evil vigilance abode in them. They knew an enemy. Visible or invisible none could pass unheeded. They would forbid his entry, or his escape.[T 6]
The monstrous Watchers are defeated by the Elvish light of thePhial of Galadriel;Sam holds it up "and the shadows under the dark arch fled"; Sam sees "a glitter in the black stones of their eyes", full of malice, and their will is broken.[T 6]
The light of the Phial ofGaladriel is effective, too, against Middle-earth's giant spiderShelob,[1][2] daughter of the line of the evilUngoliant. Shelob is both evil and ancient, "bloated and grown fat with endless brooding on her feasts, weaving webs of shadow; for all living things were her food, and her vomit darkness".[1][T 7] Theopposition of Galadriel and Shelob has been interpreted psychologically in terms ofJungian archetypes.[13] The medievalistAlaric Hall states more generally that inThe Lord of the Rings, as inBeowulf and theGrettis saga, the opposition of protagonists and monsters ispsychological as much as physical, since "heroes cannot defeat their enemies without taking something from them to themselves."[14]The Tolkien scholarVerlyn Flieger writes that Galadriel's light is a splintered remnant of that of the Two Trees of Valinor, which were consumed into the limitless darkness of Shelob's earliest ancestor, Ungoliant. That light contained and symbolised divine power; its destruction was the embodiment of evil.[11]
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Other monsters inThe Lord of the Rings are humanoid, butundead, like thebarrow-wight who traps the Hobbits soon after they have leftTom Bombadil's house. Such wights are found in Norse mythology.[T 9][T 10] Far more powerful are the Nazgûl, undead and invisible but still physical ringwraiths, able to ride horses and to wield weapons; they were once kings ofMen, but were trapped by Sauron with the gift ofRings of Power.[T 11][T 12]
Gollum, too, once a member of a peaceful group of Hobbits, has become a desperate monster, alive but with his mind almost destroyed, constantly seeking theOne Ring, after bearing it for many centuries.[T 13][T 8] Flieger suggests that Gollum is Tolkien's central monster-figure, likening him to both Grendel and theBeowulf dragon, "the twisted, broken, outcast hobbit whose manlike shape and dragonlike greed combine both theBeowulf kinds of monster in one figure".[15]
Orcs are depicted as wholly evil, meaning that they could be slaughtered without regret. All the same, Orcs are human-like in being able to speak, and in having a similar concept of good and evil, amoral sense of fairness, even if they are not able to apply their morals to themselves. This presented Tolkien, a devout Roman Catholic, with a problem: since "evil cannot make, only mock", the at least somewhat sentient and morally-aware Orcs could not have been created by evil as a genuinely new and separate species; but the alternative, that they were corrupted from one of Middle-earth's free peoples, such as Elves, which would imply that they were fully sentient and had immortal souls, was equally unpalatable to him.[16][4] Tolkien realized that some of the decisions he had made in his 1937 children's bookThe Hobbit, showing his goblins (orcs)[1] as even slightly civilised, and giving his animals the power of speech, clearly implied sentience; this conflicted with the more measuredtheology behind his Legendarium.[8] The Tolkien scholarTom Shippey writes that the orcs inThe Lord of the Rings were almost certainly created just to equip Middle-earth with "a continual supply of enemies over whom one need feel nocompunction",[17] or in Tolkien's words from "Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics", "the infantry of the old war", ready to be slaughtered.[17] Shippey states that all the same, orcs share the human concept of good and evil, with a familiar sense of morality, though he comments that, like many people, orcs are quite unable to apply their morals to themselves. In his view, Tolkien, as a Catholic, took it as a given that "evil cannot make, only mock", so orcs could not have an equal and opposite morality to that of men or elves.[18] Shippey notes that inThe Two Towers, Tolkien has the orc Gorbag disapprove of the "regular elvish trick" of seeming to abandon a comrade, as he wrongly supposes Sam has done with Frodo. Shippey describes the implied view of evil asBoethian, that evil is the absence of good; he notes however that Tolkien did not agree with that point of view, believing that evil had to be actively combatted, with war if necessary, theManichean position.[19]
Wargs, great wolf-like beasts, can attack independently, as they do while theFellowship of the Ring is going south fromRivendell,[T 14] and soon afterThorin's Company emerged from the Misty Mountains. The group of wargs inThe Hobbit could speak, though never pleasantly.[T 15] Hartley treats wargs as "personified animals", noting that Tolkien writes about their actions using verbs like "[to] plan" and "[to] guard", implying in his view that the wargs are monstrous, "more than mere beasts"; but all the same, he denies that they "possess autonomous wills".[8]
Some of Tolkien's monsters are certainly sentient, as they areangel-like beings, powerfulAinur, fallen into evil. This is just as in Christianity, where the devilLucifer is understood to be a fallen angel, having been indeed once the greatest of the angels. These characters had immortal souls, were created good by the one God (Eru Iluvatar in the Legendarium), but had made the choice of evil by their ownfree will. The evil Lords of the Legendarium are extremely powerful.Melkor (later renamed Morgoth) particularly resembles Lucifer, as he is described as having been the most powerful of the Ainur before he turned to darkness. He has indeed been interpreted as analogous toSatan as, like Lucifer, he rebels against his creator.[20] He physically and symbolically destroys theTwo Trees of Valinor, which brought light to the world. When some of their light is captured and embodied in the jewel-likeSilmarils, he steals them and places them in his crown.[T 16][T 17]
Morgoth's servant,Sauron, was similarly described as the Dark Lord; he had been aMaia serving the ValaAulë but, on betraying the other Maiar, became Morgoth's principal lieutenant and then, in the absence of Morgoth, the Dark Lord of Middle-earth in his own right. Tolkien has a character inThe Lord of the Rings,Elrond, state that "Nothing is evil in the beginning. Even Sauron was not so."[21][9]
The fire-demons orBalrogs, too, come into this category, at least in Tolkien's later writings, where they were described as Maia corrupted by Melkor.[T 18] InThe Lord of the Rings, theWizardGandalf names the Balrog of Khazad-Dum as "a foe beyond any of you" and "flame of Udûn", meaning an immortal but evil being, with power similar to his own.[T 19][22]
Tolkien's Middle-earth and its monsters have been documented inClash of the Gods: Tolkien's Monsters, a 2009 television programme in theHistory Channel'sClash of the Gods series.[23] Jason Seratino, writing onComplex, has listed his ten favourite Tolkien monsters in movies, describing the Great Goblin as "a slimy cross between Sloth and theElephant Man".[24] Artists includingAlan Lee,John Howe,[a] andTed Nasmith have created paintings of Tolkien's monsters, including those published inTolkien's Dragons & Monsters: A Book of 20 Postcards.[25][26]
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