Tokugawa Iemitsu | |
|---|---|
徳川 家光 | |
 | |
| Shōgun | |
| In office 23 August 1623 – 8 June 1651 | |
| Monarchs | |
| Preceded by | Tokugawa Hidetada |
| Succeeded by | Tokugawa Ietsuna |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1604-08-12)12 August 1604 |
| Died | 8 June 1651(1651-06-08) (aged 46) Edo, Tokugawa shogunate |
| Children | |
| Parents | |
| Signature |  |
Tokugawa Iemitsu[a] (徳川 家光; 12 August 1604 – 8 June 1651) was a Japanesesamurai,daimyo and the thirdshōgun of theTokugawa dynasty. He was the eldest son ofTokugawa Hidetada withOeyo, and the grandson ofTokugawa Ieyasu.Lady Kasuga was hiswet nurse, who acted as his political adviser and was at the forefront ofshogunate negotiations with theImperial court. Iemitsu ruled from 1623 to 1651; during this period he crucified Christians, expelled all Europeans from Japan and closed the borders of the country, a foreign policy that continued for over 200 years after its institution.
Tokugawa Iemitsu was born prematurely on 12 August 1604. He was the eldest son ofTokugawa Hidetada and grandson of the last great unifier of Japan, the first TokugawashōgunTokugawa Ieyasu.[2] He was the first member of the Tokugawa family born after Tokugawa Ieyasu becameshōgun. (There was some rumour said that he was not Hidetada's son but Ieyasu's son withKasuga no Tsubone).
Not much is known of Iemitsu's early life; his childhood name was Takechiyo (竹千代). He had two sisters,Senhime andMasako, and a brother, who would become a rival,Tadanaga. Tadanaga was his parents' favorite. However, Ieyasu made it clear that Iemitsu would be next in line asshōgun after Hidetada.
He was said to have been sickly from birth.
Anobsolete spelling of his given name isIyemitsu.
Parents
Consorts and issue:
Adopted Daughters:
Iemitsu came of age in 1617 and dropped his childhood name in favor ofTokugawa Iemitsu. He also was installed officially as the heir to the Tokugawa shogunate. The only person to contest this position was his younger brotherTokugawa Tadanaga. A fierce rivalry began to develop between the brothers.
From an early age Iemitsu practiced theshūdō tradition. However, in 1620, he had a falling out with his homosexual lover, Sakabe Gozaemon, a childhood friend and retainer, aged twenty-one, and murdered him as they shared a bathtub.[3]
He married Takatsukasa Takako, daughter ofTakatsukasa Nobufusa at 12 December 1623. His relationship with Takako was good but Takako had three miscarriages.
In 1623, when Iemitsu was nineteen,Hidetadaabdicated the post ofshōgun in his favor. Hidetada continued to rule as Ōgosho (retiredshōgun), but Iemitsu nevertheless assumed a role as formal head of thebakufu bureaucracy.[4] He declared in front of the various daimyo, "Unlike my grandfather and father, it was decided from birth that I would become ashogun." This is said to be based on the advice ofDate Masamune.[5]
In 1626,shōgun Iemitsu and retiredshōgun Hidetada visitedEmperor Go-Mizunoo, EmpressMasako (Hidetada's daughter and Iemitsu's sister), and Imperial PrincessMeishō inKyoto.Shōgun Iemitsu made lavish grants of gold and money to the court nobles and the court itself. Yet relations with Go-Mizunoo deteriorated after thePurple Robe Incident (紫衣事件,shi-e jiken), during which the Emperor was accused of having bestowed honorific purple garments to more than ten priests despite an edict which banned them for two years (probably in order to break the bond between the Emperor and religious circles). The shogunate intervened, making the bestowing of the garments invalid. WhenLady Kasuga and Masako broke ataboo by visiting the imperial court as a commoner, Go-Mizunoo abdicated, embarrassed, and Meisho becameempress. Theshōgun was now the uncle of the sittingmonarch.
In 1629, the government banned the practice ofkabuki due to samurai fighting over female performers, leading to the practice ofwakashu kabuki, in which young boys performed the roles instead.[3] This attracted the attention of Iemitsu,who showed interest in this wakashū kabuki, which reflected the contemporary samurai practice of shudō, (relationships between adult men and younger males) that were socially recognized in the Edo period.[6] In 1652, one year after Iemitsu's death,wakashu kabuki was banned, also due to samurai fighting over the performers; Iemitsu's enjoyment of it helped to postpone its ban until after his death.[3]
InKan'ei 9, on the 24th day of the 2nd month (1632), Ōgosho Hidetada died,[7] and Iemitsu could assume real power. Worried that his brotherTokugawa Tadanaga might assassinate him, however, he ruled carefully until his brother's death byseppuku in 1633.
Hidetada left his advisors, all veterandaimyō, to act as regents for Iemitsu. In 1633, after his brother's death, Iemitsu dismissed these men. In place of his father's advisors, Iemitsu appointed his childhood friends. With their help Iemitsu created a strong, centralized administration. This made him unpopular with manydaimyō, but Iemitsu simply removed his opponents.
In 1635, Iemitsu issued the second version of thebuke shohatto, a collection of edicts dictating the powers and responsibilities of thedaimyō. The original version had first been promulgated in 1615 under Hidedata. Iemitsu expanded the edicts to define the relationship between thehan, the feudal domains of thedaimyō, and the shogunate, increasing the number of edicts from thirteen to twenty-one. These new edicts further restricted the powers of thedaimyō, preventing them from interfering with highways that entered their domains, constructing barriers, imposing embargoes, or building ships larger than 500koku. Furthermore, the edicts gavebakufu officials control over all criminal matters, leading to the establishment of thehyōjōsho, a tribunal which settled such matters, in the same year. Some edicts addressed separate matters, such as expressing support for filial piety, hostility towards Christianity, and establishing rules on who could wear certain clothes or ride in palanquins.[8]
One major change instituted by thebuke shohatto was the establishment of thesankin-kōtai system, which forceddaimyō to reside in Edo in alternating sequence, spending a certain amount of time in Edo, and a certain amount of time in their home provinces. The system at first originally applied to thetozama daimyō, but expanded to apply to alldaimyō by 1642.[8] One of the key goals of this policy was to prevent thedaimyō from amassing too much wealth or power by separating them from their home provinces, and by forcing them to regularly devote a sizable sum to funding the immense travel expenses associated with the journey, along with a large entourage, to and from Edo. The system also involved thedaimyōs' wives and heirs remaining in Edo, disconnected from their lord and from their home province, serving essentially as hostages who might be harmed or killed if thedaimyō were to plot rebellion against the shogunate.[9]
The century-long presence of Catholic traders and missionaries in Japan ended in the 1630s when Iemitsu ordered the expulsion of nearly every European from the country. European access to trade relations with Japan was restricted to one Dutch ship each year. Iemitsu's policies on this matter were reinforced after the execution of twoPortuguese men who came to plead for the re-establishment of Japan's earlier foreign trade policy. By the end of the 1630s, Iemitsu had issued a series of edicts more extensively detailing a system of restrictions on the flow of people, goods, and information in and out of the country.
Over the course of the 1630s, Iemitsu issued a series of edicts restricting Japan's dealings with the outside world. The most famous of those edicts was the so-calledSakoku Edict of 1635, which contained the main restrictions introduced by Iemitsu. With it, he forbade every Japanese ship and person to travel to another country, or to return to Japanese shores. The punishment for violation was death. Japanese, who had since the 1590s traveled extensively in East and Southeast Asia (and, in rare instances, much farther afield), were now forbidden from leaving the country or returning, under pain of death.
The edict offered lavish gifts and awards for anyone who could provide information about priests and their followers who secretly practiced and spread their religion across the country. Furthermore, every newly arrived ship was required to be thoroughly examined for Catholic priests and followers. The document pays extremely close attention to every detail regarding incoming foreign ships. For example, merchants coming from abroad had to submit a list of the goods they were bringing with them before being granted permission to trade. Additional provisions specified details of the timing and logistics of trade. For example, one clause declares that the "date of departure homeward for foreign ships shall not be later than the twentieth day of the ninth month". In addition to this, Iemitsu forbade alterations of the set price for raw silk and thus made sure that competition between trading cities was brought to a minimum.
In 1637, an armed revolt arose against Iemitsu's anti-Christian policies inShimabara, but there were other reasons involved, such as overly-high taxation and cruel treatment of peasants by the local lord. The period domestic unrest is known as theShimabara Rebellion.[2] Thousands were killed in the shogunate's suppression of the revolt and countless more were executed afterwards.[10] The fact that many of the rebels were Christians was used by the Bakufu as a convenient pretext for expelling the Portuguese and restricting theDutch East India Company toDejima in Nagasaki.
Following the edicts, Japan remained very much connected to international commerce, information, and cultural exchange, though only through four avenues. Nagasaki was the center of trade and other dealings with the Dutch East India Company, and with independent Chinese merchants.Satsuma Domain controlled relations with theRyūkyū Kingdom (and through Ryūkyū, had access to Chinese goods and information, as well as products from further afield through alternative trade routes that passed through Ryūkyū), whileTsushima Domain handled diplomatic and trade relations withJoseon-dynastyKorea, andMatsumae Domain managed communications with theAinu, the indigenous people ofHokkaido,Sakhalin and theKuril Islands, as well as limited communication with related peoples on the mainland close to Sakhalin. Japan in this period has often been described as "closed", or undersakoku (鎖国, "chained country"), but since the 1980s, if not earlier, scholars have argued for the use of terms such as 'kaikin" (海禁, "maritime restrictions"), emphasizing the fact that Japan was not "closed" to the outside world, but was in fact very actively engaged with the outside world, albeit through a limited set of avenues.[11] However, the measures Iemitsu enacted were so powerful that it was not until the 1850s that Japanese ports opened to a wider range of trading partners, Westerners were free to settle and travel within Japan, and Japanese were once more free to travel overseas.
In 1643 Empress Meisho abdicated the throne. She was succeeded by her younger half-brother (Go-Mizunoo's son by a consort) EmperorGo-Kōmyō, who disliked the shogunate for its violent and barbaric ways. He repeatedly made insulting comments about Iemitsu and his eldest son and heir,Tokugawa Ietsuna.
In 1651shōgun Iemitsu died at the age of 47 from a stroke, being the first Tokugawashōgun whose reign ended with death and not abdication. He was accorded a posthumous name of Taiyūin,[2] also known as Daiyūin (大猷院) and buried inTaiyu-in Temple, Nikko.[12] Iemitsu had expanded Nikkō Tōshō-gū prior to his death, but was careful to avoid iconography for his mausoleum that could be seen as surpassing that of his grandfather.[13] He was succeeded by his eldest son and heir,Tokugawa Ietsuna.
The years in which Iemitsu wasshōgun are more specifically identified by more than oneera name ornengō.[14]
| Ancestors of Tokugawa Iemitsu[15] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Media related toTokugawa Iemitsu at Wikimedia Commons| Military offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by | Shōgun: Tokugawa Iemitsu 1623–1651 | Succeeded by |
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Notes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
All Tokugawashōguns share descent fromIeyasu, who is recognized as the dynasty's founder. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Timeline and paternities of theTokugawa Shogunate | ||
|---|---|---|
 | Lifespan Reign | |
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| People | |
| Other | |
