Tokugawa Hidetada | |
|---|---|
徳川 秀忠 | |
 | |
| Shōgun | |
| In office 2 June 1605 – 23 August 1623 | |
| Monarchs | Go-Yōzei Go-Mizunoo |
| Preceded by | Tokugawa Ieyasu |
| Succeeded by | Tokugawa Iemitsu |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 2 May 1579 |
| Died | 14 March 1632 (aged 52) |
| Resting place | Taitoku-in Mausoleum |
| Spouse(s) | O-hime Oeyo |
| Children |
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| Parents |
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| Posthumous dharma name | Taitoku-in-den Kōren-jya Tokuyo Nyūsai Daikoji (台徳院殿興蓮社徳誉入西大居士) |
| Signature |  |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance |  Tokugawa clan Eastern Army Imperial CourtTokugawa shogunate |
| Unit | Tokugawa clan |
| Battles/wars | Siege of Ueda Siege of Osaka |
Tokugawa Hidetada (徳川 秀忠; 2 May 1579 – 14 March 1632) was a Japanesesamurai,daimyo and the secondshōgun of theTokugawa dynasty, who ruled from 1605 until his abdication in 1623. He was the third son ofTokugawa Ieyasu. Through his daughterTokugawa Masako, he was also the maternal grandfather ofEmpressMeishõ.
Tokugawa Hidetada was born toTokugawa Ieyasu and theLady Saigō on May 2, 1579. This was shortly beforeLady Tsukiyama, Ieyasu's official wife, and their sonTokugawa Nobuyasu were executed on suspicion of plotting to assassinateOda Nobunaga, who was Nobuyasu's father-in-law and Ieyasu's ally. By killing his wife and son, Ieyasu declared his loyalty to Nobunaga. In 1589, Hidetada's mother fell ill, her health rapidly deteriorated, and she died atSunpu Castle. Later Hidetada with his brother, Matsudaira Tadayoshi, was raised byLady Acha, one of Ieyasu's concubines. His childhood name was Chomaru (長丸), later becoming Takechiyo (竹千代).
The traditional power base of the Tokugawa clan wasMikawa. In 1590, the new ruler of Japan,Toyotomi Hideyoshi enlisted Tokugawa Ieyasu and others in attacking the domain of theHōjō in what became known as theSiege of Odawara (1590). Hideyoshi enlisted Ieyasu for this campaign by promising to exchange the five provinces under Ieyasu's control for the eightKantō provinces, including the city ofEdo. In order to keep Ieyasu from defecting to the Hōjō side (since the Hōjō and the Tokugawa were formerly on friendly terms), Hideyoshi took the eleven-year-old Hidetada as a hostage. In 1592 Hideyoshi presided over Hidetada's coming of age ceremony; it was then that Ieyasu's son dropped his childhood name, Takechiyo (竹千代), and assumed the name Hidetada. He was named theheir of the Tokugawa family, being the eldest surviving son of Ieyasu, and his favorite (since Ieyasu's eldest son had been previously executed, and his second son was adopted by Hideyoshi while still an infant). In 1593, Hidetada returned to his father's side.
In 1590, Hidetada marriedO-Hime (1585–1591), daughter ofOda Nobukatsu and adopted daughter ofToyotomi Hideyoshi. O-Hime died in 1591, and was given theposthumous Buddhist name Shunshoin. In 1595, Hidetada marriedOeyo, daughter ofAzai Nagamasa and adopted daughter ofToyotomi Hideyoshi. Their wedding was held inFushimi Castle.
In 1595, Hidetada marriedOeyo of theOda clan and they had two sons,Tokugawa Iemitsu andTokugawa Tadanaga.[1] They also had several daughters, one of whom,Senhime, married twice. The other daughter,Kazukohime, married EmperorGo-Mizunoo (of descent from theFujiwara clan).[2]
Knowing his death would come before his sonToyotomi Hideyori came of age, Hideyoshi named five regents—one of whom was Hidetada's father, Ieyasu—to rule in his son's place. Hideyoshi hoped that the bitter rivalry among the regents would prevent any one of them from seizing power. But after Hideyoshi died in 1598 and Hideyori became nominal ruler, the regents forgot all vows of eternal loyalty and were soon vying for control of the nation. Tokugawa Ieyasu was one of the strongest of the five regents, and began to rally around himself an Eastern faction. A Western faction rallied aroundIshida Mitsunari. The two factions clashed at theBattle of Sekigahara in 1600. Ieyasu won decisively, which set the stage for Tokugawa rule.
Hidetada had led 16,000 of his father's men in a campaign to contain the Western-alignedUesugi clan inShinano. Ieyasu then ordered Hidetada to march to Sekigahara in anticipation of the decisive battle against the Western faction. But theSanada clan managed to tie down Hidetada's force, so he arrived too late to assist in his father's narrow but decisive victory. Ieyasu was incensed with Hidetada and was only convinced by his advisors not to punish his son. On 3 December 1601, Hidetada's first son, Chōmaru (長丸), was born to a young maiden from Kyoto named Onatsu. In September 1602, Chōmaru fell ill and died; his funeral was held atZōjō-ji temple in Shibe.
In 1603 EmperorGo-Yōzei granted Ieyasu the title ofshōgun. Thus Hidetada became the heir to the shogunate.
To avoid his predecessor's fate, Ieyasu established a dynastic pattern soon after becoming shogun by abdicating in favor of Hidetada in 1605. Ieyasu retained significant power until his death in 1616; but Hidetada nevertheless assumed a role as formal head of thebakufu bureaucracy.[3]
Much to the dismay of Ieyasu, in 1612, Hidetada engineered a marriage betweenSen, Ieyasu's favorite granddaughter, andToyotomi Hideyori, who was living as a commoner in Osaka Castle with his mother. When this failed to quell Hideyori's intrigues, Ōgosho Ieyasu and Shogun Hidetada brought an army to Osaka.[4]
In 1614-1615, atSiege of Osaka, father and son once again disagreed on how to conduct this campaign against the recalcitrant Toyotomi forces in Osaka. In the ensuing siege Hideyori and his mother were forced to commit suicide. Even Hideyori's infant son (Kunimatsu), that he had with a concubine, was not spared. Only Sen was spared; she later remarried and had a new family.
After Ieyasu's death in 1616,[4] Hidetada took control of thebakufu. He strengthened the Tokugawa hold on power by improving relations with the Imperial court. To this end he married his daughterKazuko toEmperor Go-Mizunoo.[4] The product of that marriage, a girl, eventually succeeded to the throne of Japan to becomeEmpress Meishō. The city ofEdo was also heavily developed under his reign.
Historian Michifumi Isoda opined that the total isolationism policy implemented by Hidetada has gradually weaken the military of Japan under Tokugawa shogunate in the long run.[5]
InGenna 9 (1623), Hidetada resigned the government to his eldest son and heir,Tokugawa Iemitsu.[6] Like his father before him, Hidetada becameŌgosho or retiredshōgun, and retained effective power. He enacted anti-Christian measures, which Ieyasu had only considered: he banned Christian books, forced Christiandaimyōs to commit suicide, ordered other Christians to apostatize under penalty of death; and executed fifty-five Christians (both Japanese and foreign) who refused to renounce Christianity or to go into hiding, by burning them along with their children, inNagasaki in 1628.
Ōgosho Hidetada died inKan'ei 9, on the 24th day of the 1st month (March 14, 1632) from a recurrent lump (That Was Cancerous) he had been dealing with since 1631(the lump appeared in 1629).[6] HisBuddhistposthumous name is Daitoku-in (台徳院).[7] His ashes were ceremoniously laid to rest in theTaitoku-in Mausoleum in Edo.
The years in which Hidetada wasshōgun are more specifically identified by more than oneera name ornengō.[4]
| Status | image | Name | posthumous Name | Birth | Death | Parents |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Father |  | Tokugawa Ieyasu | Hogo Onkokuin | January 31, 1543 | June 1, 1616 | Matsudaira Hirotada Odai no Kata |
| Mother |  | Saigō-no-Tsubone | Hōdaiin | 1552 | July 1, 1589 | Tozuka Tadaharu Saigo Masakatsu's daughter |
| Name | Posthumous Name | Birth | Death | Father | Marriage | Issue |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saigo Katsutada | 1570 | Saigō Yoshikatsu | ||||
| Toku-hime | Saigō Yoshikatsu |
| Status | Image | Name | Posthumous Name | Birth | Death | Parents | Issue |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First Wife (died before marriage) | O-Hime | Kantōin | 1585 | August 27, 1591 | Oda Nobukatsu ofUda-Matsuyama Domain Chiyo-Gozen (Kitabatake Tomonori’s daughter) | ||
| Second Wife |  | Oeyo | Sūgen'in | August 1573 | September 15, 1626 | Azai Nagamasa Oichi | Senhime marriedToyotomi Hideyori laterHonda Tadatoki ofHimeji Domain Tamahime (1599–1622) marriedMaeda Toshitsune ofKaga Domain Katsuhime (1601–1672) marriedMatsudaira Tadanao ofFukui Domain Hatsuhime (1602–1630) marriedKyōgoku Tadataka ofMatsue Domain Tokugawa Iemitsu, 3rd shogun Tokugawa Tadanaga ofSunpu Domain Kazuhime marriedEmperor Go-Mizunoo |
| Image | Name | Posthumous Name | Birth | Death | Mother | Spouse | Issue |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | Senhime | Tenjuin | May 26, 1597 | March 11, 1666 | Oeyo | First:Toyotomi Hideyori Second:Honda Tadatoki ofHimeji Domain | By Second: Katsuhime (1618–1678) marriedIkeda Mitsumasa ofOkayama Domain Kochiyo (1619–1621) |
| Tamahime | Tentoku-in | August 1, 1599 | August 9, 1622 | Oeyo | Maeda Toshitsune ofKaga Domain | Kametsuruhime (1613–1630) married Mori Tadahiro (1604–1633) Maeda Mitsutaka ofKaga Domain Kohime Maeda Toshitsugu (1617–1674) ofToyama Domain Maeda Toshiharu (1618–1660) ofDaishōji Domain Manhime (1620–1700) marriedAsano Mitsuakira ofHiroshima Domain Tomihime (1621–1662) married Imperial Prince Hachijō-no-miya Toshitada (1619–1662) Natsuhime (1622–1623) | |
| Katsuhime | Tensūin | June 12, 1601 | March 20, 1672 | Oeyo | Matsudaira Tadanao ofFukui Domain | Matsudaira Mitsunaga (1615–1707) ofTakada Domain Kamehime (1617–1681) married Imperial Prince Takamatsu-no-miya Yoshihito (1603–1638) Tsuruhime (1618–1671) marriedKujō Michifusa | |
| Chomaru | Shutokuin | 3 December 1601 | September 1602 | servant | |||
| Hatsuhime | Kōan-in | August 25, 1602 | April 16, 1630 | Oeyo | Kyōgoku Tadataka ofMatsue Domain | ||
 | Tokugawa Iemitsu, 3rd Shogun | Daiyūin-dono zosho | August 12, 1604 | June 8, 1651 | Oeyo | Takako (1622–1683),Takatsukasa Nobufusa’s daughter | By concubines: Chiyohime (1637–1699) marriedTokugawa Mitsutomo ofOwari Domain Tokugawa Ietsuna, 4th Shogun Kamematsu (1643–1647) Tokugawa Tsunashige ofKofu Domain Tokugawa Tsunayoshi, 5th Shogun Tsurumatsu (1647–1648) |
 | Tokugawa Tadanaga ofSunpu Domain | Bugan’in-dono | 1606 | January 5, 1634 | Oeyo | Masako (1614–1690), Oda Nobuyoshi ofObata Domain | |
 | Kazuhime | Tofukumon’in | November 23, 1607 | August 2, 1678 | Oeyo | Emperor Go-Mizunoo | Empress Meisho Second Princess (1625–1651) marriedKonoe Hisatsugu Imperial Prince Sukehito (1626–1628) Prince Waka (1628) Imperial Princess Akiko (1629–1675) Imperial Princess Yoshiko (1632–1696) marriedNijō Mitsuhira Princess Kiku (1633–1634) |
 | Hoshina Masayuki ofAizu Domain | Hanitsu-reishin | June 17, 1611 | February 4, 1673 | Oshizu-no-Kata | First: Kunihime (1619–1637; Naito Masanaga {1568–1634} ofIwakitaira Domain) Second: Oman-no-Kata (1620–1691, Fujiki Hiroyuki's daughter) | By First: Komatsu (1634–1638) By second: Hoshina Masayori (1640–1657) Haruhime marriedUesugi Tsunakatsu ofYonezawa Domain Nakahime (1643–1649) Shogen (1645) Hoshina Masatsune (1646–1681) ofAizu Domain Ishihime (1648–1667) marriedInaba Masamichi ofSakura Domain Kamehime (1650–1651) Fuhime (1649–1651) Hoshina Masazumi (1652–1671) By Concubines: Kikuhime (1645–1647) Sumahime (1648–1666) marriedMaeda Tsunanori ofKaga Domain Kinhime (1658–1659) Matsudaira Masakata (1669–1731) ofAizu Domain Sanhime (b.1673) |
| Ancestors of Tokugawa Hidetada[8] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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reference's from the book of "Ieyasu's Miscalculation" by Michifumi Isoda
Media related toTokugawa Hidetada at Wikimedia Commons| Military offices | ||
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| Preceded by | Shōgun: Tokugawa Hidetada 1605–1623 | Succeeded by |
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All Tokugawashōguns share descent fromIeyasu, who is recognized as the dynasty's founder. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Timeline and paternities of theTokugawa Shogunate | ||
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 | Lifespan Reign | |
