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Thetobacco industry comprises those persons and companies who are engaged in the growth, preparation for sale, shipment, advertisement, and distribution oftobacco and tobacco-related products.[1] It is a global industry; tobacco can grow in any warm, moist environment, which means it can be farmed on all continents exceptAntarctica.
According to theWHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, the "tobacco industry" encompasses tobacco manufacturers, wholesale distributors and importers oftobacco products. Thisevidence-based treaty expects its 181ratifiedmember states to implement public health policies with respect totobacco control "to protect present and future generations from the devastating health, social, environmental and economic consequences of tobacco consumption and exposure totobacco smoke."[2]
Tobacco, one of the most widely usedaddictive substances in the world,[3] is a plant native to the Americas and historically one of the most important crops grown by American farmers.[4] More specifically, tobacco refers to any of various plants of the genusNicotiana (especiallyN. tabacum) native totropical America and widely cultivated for their leaves, which are dried and processed chiefly forsmoking inpipes,cigarettes, andcigars; it is also cut to formchewing tobacco or ground to makesnuff ordipping tobacco, as well as other less common preparations. From 1617 to 1793, tobacco was the most valuablecash crop export fromBritish North America and the United States.[5] Until the 1960s, the United States grew, manufactured and exported more tobacco than any other country.[6]
Tobacco is an agriculturalcommodity product,similar in economic terms to agriculturalfoodstuffs: the price is in part determined by crop yields, which vary depending on local weather conditions. The price also varies by specificspecies orcultivar grown, the total quantity on the market ready for sale, the area where it is grown, the health of the plants, and other characteristics individual to product quality.
Since 1964, conclusive medical evidence of thedeadly effects of tobacco consumption has led to a sharp decline in official support for tobacco production.Policy and law restrictingtobacco smoking has increased globally, but almost 6 trillion cigarettes are still produced each year.[7] Between 2008 and 2022, the number of cigarettes sold decreased by about 12 %.[8] Tobacco is oftenheavily taxed to gain revenues for governments and as an incentive for people not to smoke.[9]
For a history of how tobacco has been grown and marketed, seetobacco,smoking and articles on similar topics.
The phrase "tobacco industry" generally refers to thecompanies involved in the manufacture ofcigarettes,cigars,snuff,chewing tobacco andpipe tobacco.China National Tobacco Co. has become the largest tobacco company in the world by volume. Following extensive merger and acquisition activity in the 1990s and 2000s as well as the spinoff ofAltria's international tobacco holdings asPhilip Morris International in 2008, five firms dominate international markets – in alphabetical order:
In August 2024, Japan Tobacco’s JT Group agreed to acquire U.S. cigarette company Vector Group in a cash deal, and Japan Tobacco later said it completed the acquisition on 7 October 2024.[10][11]
Altria still owns the Philip Morris tobacco business in the United States, but Philip Morris International has been fully independent since 2008. In most countries these companies either have long-established dominance, or have purchased the major domestic producer or producers (often a formerstate monopoly). Until 2014 the United States had one other substantial independent firm,Lorillard, which Reynolds American, Inc. acquired. India has its own major player,ITC Limited (25.4%-owned by British American Tobacco). A small[quantify][when?] number of state monopolies survive, as well as some small independent firms.
Tobacco advertising is becoming increasingly restricted by the governments of countries around the world citing health issues as a reason to restrict tobaccos appeal.[12]
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The tobacco industry in the United States has suffered greatly since the mid-1990s, when it was successfully sued by several U.S. states.[13] The suits claimed that tobacco causes cancer, that companies in the industry knew this, and that they deliberately understated the significance of their findings, contributing to the illness and death of many citizens in those states.
The industry was found to have decades ofinternal memos confirming in detail that tobacco (which containsnicotine) is bothaddictive andcarcinogenic (cancer-causing). The industry had long denied thatnicotine is addictive.[14]
The suit resulted in alarge cash settlement being paid by a group of tobacco companies to the states that sued.[15] Further, since the suit was settled, other individuals have come forth, inclass actionlawsuits, claiming individual damages.[citation needed]
The tobacco industry has historically been largely successful in this litigation process, with the majority of cases being won by the industry.[16] During the first 42 years of tobacco litigation (between 1954 and 1996) the industry maintained a clean record in litigation[17] thanks to tactics described in aR.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company internal memo as "the way we won these cases, to paraphraseGen. Patton, is not by spending all of Reynolds' money, but by making the other son of a bitch spend all of his."[18] Between 1995 and 2005 only 59% of cases were won by the tobacco industry either outright or on appeal in the US,[19] but the continued success of the industry's efforts to win these cases is questionable. In Florida, the industry has lost 77 of the 116 "Engle progeny" cases that have gone to trial.[20] The U.S. Supreme Court has also denied the industry's major grounds for appeal of Engle cases.[21]
In June 2009, U.S. PresidentBarack Obama signed into law theFamily Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act which has been called a "sweeping anti-smoking" bill.[22] Among other restrictions, this Act banned the use of any constituent, additive, herb or spice that adds a "characterizing flavor" to the tobacco product or smoke (Section 907)(a)(1)(A).[23] The aim of this ban is to prevent children and teenagers from becoming addicted to cigarettes at a young age with theUS Department of Health and Human Services citing that "studies have shown that 17 year old smokers are three times as likely to use flavored cigarettes as are smokers over the age of 25".[24] This ban however does not apply tomenthol cigarettes, which are exempt from the bill.
Lawsuits against the tobacco industry are primarily restricted to the United States due to differences in legal systems in other countries. Many businesses class ongoing lawsuits as a cost of doing business in the US and feel their revenue will be only marginally affected by the activities.[25]
In Canada, a court-approved settlement plan announced in March 2025 would require the Canadian units of Philip Morris, British American Tobacco and Japan Tobacco to pay C$32.5 billion to resolve long-running tobacco lawsuits, following creditor protection proceedings begun in 2019.[26]
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Large tobacco companies have entered theelectronic cigarette market by either buying some of the small e-cigarette companies or by starting their own e-cigarette companies.[27] By 2014 all the major multinational tobacco companies had entered the e-cigarette market.[28] They did so either by buying existing e-cigarette companies (includingRuyan, the original Chinese e-cigarette company, which was bought byImperial Tobacco) or by developing their own products.[28] A 2017 review states, "The tobacco industry dominates the e-cigarette market."[29] All of the large tobacco companies are selling e-cigarettes.[30] A 2017 review states, "Small companies initially dominated the electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) market, and these firms had no links to the tobacco industry. Today, however, all transnational tobacco companies sell these products. Increased concentration of the ENDS market in the hands of the transnational tobacco companies is concerning to the public health community, given the industry's legacy of obfuscating many fundamental truths about their products and misleading the public with false claims, including that low-tar and so-called "light" cigarettes would reduce the harms associated with smoking. Although industry representatives are claiming interest in ENDS because of their harm-reduction potential, many observers believe that profit remains the dominant motivation."[31] In the U.S., a consumer class action settlement involving JUUL and Altria was approved by the court and payments were sent to eligible class members around the 18 October 2024.[32] In July 2025, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration authorized the marketing of certain tobacco- and menthol-flavoured JUUL e-cigarette products through the premarket tobacco product application pathway.[33][34]
In the United Kingdom, the Tobacco and Vapes Bill was introduced in the House of Commons on 5 November 2024, including provisions to restrict the future sale of tobacco by birth year and to regulate the advertising and promotion of tobacco and vapes.[35][36] The Tobacco and Vapes Bill was listed by the UK Parliament as a Government Bill in the 2024–26 session, with its status updated on 15 January 2026.[37]
Major tobacco companies are dominating the political and policy-making environments just as they have in conventional cigarette policy making.[28] As they have done to influence tobacco control policies for conventional cigarettes, the large companies often try to stay out of sight and work through third parties that can obscure their links to the tobacco industry.[28] The one difference from the historical pattern of industry efforts to shape tobacco policy from behind the scenes is that there are also genuine independent sellers of e-cigarettes and associated users (so-called vape shops) who are not necessarily being directed by the cigarette companies.[28] These smaller operators are, however, losing market share to the big tobacco companies, and the real political power is now being exercised by the cigarette companies.[28] The cigarette companies try to take advantage of the existence of independent players while acting through the industry's traditional allies and front groups.[28]
On May 11, 2004, the U.S. became the 108th country to sign theWorld Health Organization'sGlobal Treaty on Tobacco Control. This treaty places broad restrictions on the sale, advertising, shipment andtaxation of tobacco products. The U.S. has not yet ratified this treaty in itsSenate and does not yet have a schedule for doing so.
Most recently, there has been discussion within the tobacco control community of transforming the tobacco industry through the replacement of tobaccocorporations by other types of business organizations that can be established to provide tobacco to the market while not attempting to increase market demand.[38]
On February 20, 2007, theUS Supreme Court ruled that theAltria Group (formerly Philip Morris) did not have to pay $79.5 million in punitive damages awarded to Mayola Williams in a 1999 Oregon court ruling, when she sued Phillip Morris for responsibility in the cancer death of her husband, Jesse Williams.[39] The Supreme Court's decision overturns a ruling made by theOregon Supreme Court that upheld the award.[40]
On April 3, 2008, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit threw out an $800 billion class-action lawsuit filed on behalf of a group or class of people who smoked light cigarettes. The plaintiffs' lawyers were confident that they would be able to win this suit due to the success ofSchwab v. Philip Morris[41] wherein tobacco companies were found guilty of fraud-like charges because they were selling the idea that light cigarettes were safer than regular cigarettes. The ruling by the three-judge panel will not allow the suit to be pursued as a class, but instead need proof for why individual smokers chose light cigarettes over regular cigarettes.[42]
TheUnited NationsFood and Agriculture Organization estimates the following production of unmanufactured tobacco by country/region in 2022. (Figures are in thousands oftonnes.)(FAO)[43]
| Country or region | Production in thousands of tons |
|---|---|
 China | 2,188.1 |
 India | 772.2 |
 Brazil | 667.3 |
 Indonesia | 225.6 |
 United States | 202.9 |
 Zimbabwe | 166.9 |
 Pakistan | 133.6 |
 Malawi | 103.8 |
 Argentina | 95.6 |
 Mozambique | 95.5 |
| World | 5,780.9 |
Much of global tobacco production is used in the manufacturing of cigarettes. The following is a chart compiled by Dr. Robert Proctor detailing the largest cigarette factories, accompanied by their estimated annual death toll due to the harms of cigarettes to health.[44]
The tobacco industry has had a long relationship with the entertainment industry. In silent era movies, back-lit smoke was often used by filmmakers to create sense of mystery and sensuality in a scene. Later, cigarettes were deliberately placed in the hands of Hollywood stars as an early phase ofproduct placement,[45] until health regulating bodies tightened rules on tobacco advertisement and anti-smoking groups pressured actors and studio executives against such tactics.Big Tobacco has since been the subject focus of films such as thedocudramaThe Insider (1999) andThank You For Smoking (2005).
These issues have also constituted a recurring storyline in theAMC seriesMad Men, fromseason 1 beginning with the pilot episode ("Smoke Gets In Your Eyes") through season 7's midseason finale,"Waterloo".
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This article incorporatestext byStanton Glantz and David W. Bareham available under theCC BY 4.0 license.
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