Tlemcen تِلِمْسَان | |
|---|---|
 Location of Tlemcen in theTlemcen Province | |
  Tlemcen Location within Algeria | |
| Coordinates:34°52′58″N01°19′00″W / 34.88278°N 1.31667°W /34.88278; -1.31667 | |
| Country |  Algeria |
| Province | Tlemcen |
| District | Tlemcen District |
| Area | |
• Total | 40.11 km2 (15.49 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 842 m (2,762 ft) |
| Population (2008 census) | |
• Total | 140,158 |
| • Density | 3,494/km2 (9,050/sq mi) |
| Postal code | 13000 |
| Climate | Csa |
Tlemcen (/tlɛmˈsɛn/;[1]Arabic:تِلِمْسَان,romanized: Tilimsân) is the second-largest city in northwesternAlgeria afterOran and is the capital ofTlemcen Province. The city has developed leather, carpet, and textile industries, which it exports through the port ofRachgoun. It had a population of 140,158, as of the 2008 census.[2]
A major centre of theCentral Maghreb, the city is a mix ofArab,Berber,'Āndalusī,Ottoman, andWestern influences. From this mosaic of influences, the city derives the title of capital of Andalusian art in Algeria. Various titles are attributed to the city including "thePearl of theMaghreb[3]", "the AfricanGranada" and "theMedina ofthe West".[4]
The name Tlemcen (Tilimsân) was given by the Zayyanid KingYaghmurasen ibn Zyan.[5] One possible etymology is that it comes from aBerber wordtilmas 'spring, water-hole',[6] or from the combination of the Berber wordstala 'fountain', the prepositionm-, andsân 'two', thus meaning 'two fountains'.[5] Another proposed etymology is from theZanata wordstalam 'junction' andsân 'two', referring to the town's geographic position, which links the desert regions to the south with the mountainous regions to the north.[6]
Roman Empire 2nd century–c. 429
Agadir c. 429–c. 477
Kingdom of Masuna c. 477-578
Kingdom of Altava 578–708
Umayyad Caliphate 708–c. 757
Emirate of Tlemcen c. 757–790
Rustamid dynasty 790–798
Idrisid dynasty 798–831
Rustamid dynasty 831–902
Idrisid dynasty 902–919
Fatimid Caliphate 919–944
Zirid dynasty 944–982
Zenata 982–1015
Hammadid Emirate 1015-1083
Almoravid dynasty 1083–1147
Almohad Caliphate 1147-1235Kingdom of Tlemcen 1235-1337
Marinid Sultanate 1337-1348Regency of Algiers, (tributary of theOttoman Empire) 1551–1832
Emirate of Mascara 1832-1836
France, (French Algeria) 1836–1837
The areas surrounding Tlemcen were inhabited during theNeolithic period,[7] as evidenced by the discovery of polished axes in the caves of Boudghene by Gustave-Marie Bleicher in 1875.
There are three important prehistoric sites in the region: lake Karar, located one kilometer south ofRemchi; the rock shelters of Mouilah, 5 km north ofMaghnia; and the deposit called "d'Ouzidan", 2 km west of Aïn El Hout. The shelters found at the Mouilah and Boudghene show evidence of long periods of pre-historic human habitation.
InAD 17,Tacfarinas led theGaetuli to revolt against the Romans.[8]
Tlemcen became a military outpost ofAncient Rome in the 2nd century CE under the name of Pomaria. It was then an important city in the North Africasee of theRoman Catholic Church, where it was the center of adiocese. Itsbishop, Victor, was a prominent representative at theCouncil of Carthage (411), and its bishop Honoratus was exiled in 484 by theVandal kingHuneric for denyingArianism.
It was a center of a large Christian population for many centuries afterthe city's Arab conquest in 708 AD.[9]
In the later eighth century and the ninth century, the city became a Kingdom ofBanu Ifran with aSufriKharijite orientation.[10] These same Berber Kharijis also began to develop various small Saharan oases and to link them into regular trans-Saharancaravan routes terminating at Tlemcen, beginning a process that would determine Tlemcen's historical role for almost all of the next millennium.[11] In the late 8th century a settlement named Agadir existed on the site of former Roman Pomaria.Idris I founded acongregational mosque here, the Great Mosque of Agadir, circa 790 (no longer extant).[6]
In 1081 or 1082 theAlmoravid leaderYusuf ibn Tashfin founded the city of Tagrart ("encampment" inBerber language), just west of Agadir.[6][12] The fusion of the two settlements of Tagrart and Agadir over time became what is now Tlemcen.[6] At the same time as he founded Tagrart, Ibn Tashfin founded its congregational mosque, known today as theGreat Mosque of Tlemcen, which was expanded in 1126 by his son and successor'Ali Ibn Yusuf.[12][13] He built a governor's residence next to it, known after as theQasr al-Qadim ("Old Palace").[14]
In the bookAl-Istibsar fi 'agaib al-Amsar, written in the late 12th century, the author wrote:“It is a great and ancient city with numerous timeless ruins, indicating that it was once the capital of past nations. It lies at the foot of a mountain, most of whose trees are walnut. The city once had water brought in by the works of early civilizations from a spring called Burit, located six miles away. A large river, known as Satafsaif, flows through it. Tlemcen was the capital of theZanata [tribe] kingdom and was surrounded by many tribes, both from Zanata and other Berber groups. It is a land of great fertility, with abundant resources, low prices, and plentiful blessings. The city governs many villages, continuous settlements, and numerous towns under its administration. Adjacent to Tlemcen, there is a fortified citadel rich in fruit-bearing trees and abundant in water and rivers. Connected to it is Mount Tawraniya, a vast, inhabited mountain filled with villages and continuous settlements.”[15]
Control of the region passed from the Almoravids to theAlmohad Caliphate in the mid-twelfth century. After its conquest, the Almohad ruler 'Abd al-Mu'min surrounded the city with a wall in 1145 and built a newcitadel.[6][12] However, in the early thirteenth century,'Abdallah ibn Ghaniya attempted to restore Almoravid control of theMaghreb.[16] In about 1209, the region around Tlemcen was devastated by retreating Almoravid forces, not long before their final defeat by the Almohads at the Battle ofJebel Nafusa in 1210.[17] Despite the destruction of Tlemcen's already-feeble agricultural base, Tlemcen rose to prominence as a major trading and administrative center in the region under the ensuing reign of theAlmohads.
After the end of Almohad rule in the 1230s, Tlemcen became the capital of one of the three successor states, theZayyanidKingdom of Tlemcen (1236–1554).[18] The Zayyanid rulerYaghmurasen Ibn Zyan succeeded in merging Agadir and Tagrart into a single city and gave it the name Tlemcen.[5] Initially, Yagmurasen resided in theQasr al-Qadim but he soon moved the seat of power to a new citadel, theMechouar, towards the mid 13th century.[14] The city was thereafter ruled for centuries by successiveZayyanid sultans. During this era it was one of the most important economic and cultural centers in the region, alongside other political capitals likeFez,Tunis, andGranada.[12][19][20] During the Middle Ages, Tlemcen not only served as a trading city connecting the "coastal" route across theMaghreb with the trans-Saharan caravan routes,[21][22] but also housed a European trading center, orfunduk[23] which connected African and European merchants.[24] African gold arrived in Tlemcen from south of the Sahara throughSijilmasa orTaghaza and entered European hands.[25] Consequently, Tlemcen was partially integrated into the European financial system. For example, Genoesebills of exchange circulated there, at least among merchants not subject to (or not deterred by) religious prohibitions.[26]
At the peak of its success in the first half of the fourteenth century, Tlemcen was a city of perhaps 40,000 inhabitants.[27] It housed several well-knownmadrasas and numerous wealthy religious foundations, and became the principal centers of culture in the central Maghreb.[12][19] The Zayyanids were the first to sponsor of the construction of madrasas in this part of the Maghreb, and among the most famous in Tlemcen was theTashfiniya Madrasa founded byAbu Tashfin I (r. 1318–1337).[28]: 284–290 At thesouk around the Great Mosque, merchants sold woolen fabrics and rugs from the East, slaves and gold from across the Sahara, local earthenware and leather goods, and a variety of Mediterranean maritime goods "redirected" to Tlemcen bycorsairs—in addition to imported European goods available at the funduk.[29] Merchant houses based in Tlemcen, such as the al-Makkari, maintained regular branch offices inMali and theSudan.[30][31]
Later in the fourteenth century, the city twice fell under the rule of theMarinid sultan,Abu al-Hasan Ali (1337–1348) and his sonAbu 'Inan. Both times the Marinids found that they were unable to hold the region against local resistance.[32] Nevertheless, these episodes appear to have marked the beginning of the end. Over the following two centuries, Zayyanid Tlemcen was intermittently a vassal ofIfriqiya (then governed by theHafsid dynasty),Maghrib al-Aqsa (then governed by the Marinid dynasty), orAragon.[33] When the Spanish took the city ofOran from the Zayyanids in 1509, continuous pressure from the Berbers prompted the Spanish tostart a campaign against Tlemcen in 1543, which ended in the capture of the city and in the installation of a vassal king on the throne.[34][35]
The ruler of Tlemcen is reported to have been advised by a Jewish viceroy named Abraham, who, in the time of theInquisition ofTorquemada, opened the gates of Tlemcen to Jewish andMuslim refugees fleeing Spain. Abraham is said to have supported them with his own money and with the tolerance of the king of Tlemcen.[citation needed]
In 1551, Tlemcen came under Ottoman rule after theCampaign of Tlemcen. Tlemcen and the Algerian provinces regained effective independence in their own affairs in 1671, although Tlemcen was no longer a government seat as before. The Spanish were evicted from Oran in 1792, but thirty years later, they were replaced by the French, who seized Algiers. A French fleet bombarded Algiers in 1830, at which point thedey capitulated to French colonial rule; a broad coalition of natives continued to resist, coordinated loosely at Tlemcen.
Tlemcen was a vacation spot and retreat for French settlers in Algeria, who found it far more temperate than Oran or Algiers. The city adapted and became more cosmopolitan, with a unique outlook on art and culture, and its architecture and urban life evolved to accommodate this new sense. In the independence movements of the mid-twentieth century, it was relatively quiet, reflecting the city's sense of aloofness from the turbulence of Algiers. In 1943 Tlemcen was little more than a railway halt. On January 13 a British and American train patrol engaged in a skirmish with the retreating troops of theAfrika Korps. As theUS Army marched eastwards from its Moroccan landing grounds, theBritish 8th Army drove west, forcing the Germans into an evacuation pocket at Tunis.[36] Between 1942–1943, before embarking for Italy, the US Army Medical Corps established two fixed hospitals at Tlemcen: 9th Evacuation (as station), 12–26 December 1942. Seven hundred and fifty beds and 32d Station, 28 February – 28 November 1943, 500 beds.[37]
The most important place for pilgrimage of all religions into Tlemcen was the Jewish cemetery on the outskirts of town. Up to 10,000 people worldwide made the journey to the site.[timeframe?] Nonetheless, despite religious freedoms, their community had never numbered more than 5,000–6,000 in the 20th century, and discriminatory laws of had been in force since 1881.[citation needed] After Algerian independence in 1962, most of the small Jewish population evacuated to metropolitan France.[38] The Berber tribes historically professed Judaism. During the colonial period they served in the French Army. French Jews of theAlliance Israélite Universelle paid for a local Jewish school, which closed in 1934, perhaps owing to the rise of Fascism.[39] In 2009 Jordanian sources reported that the Algerian government intended to restore the damaged Jewish tombs at the historic cemetery.[40]
Tlemcen has ahot semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classificationBSh).
| Climate data for Tlemcen (1991–2020) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 29.5 (85.1) | 33.5 (92.3) | 35.7 (96.3) | 35.7 (96.3) | 42.1 (107.8) | 41.5 (106.7) | 47.0 (116.6) | 46.2 (115.2) | 41.5 (106.7) | 40.3 (104.5) | 33.1 (91.6) | 30.4 (86.7) | 47.0 (116.6) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 16.8 (62.2) | 17.7 (63.9) | 20.1 (68.2) | 22.3 (72.1) | 25.8 (78.4) | 29.6 (85.3) | 33.2 (91.8) | 33.8 (92.8) | 30.0 (86.0) | 26.4 (79.5) | 20.9 (69.6) | 17.8 (64.0) | 24.5 (76.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 11.1 (52.0) | 11.9 (53.4) | 14.0 (57.2) | 16.0 (60.8) | 19.3 (66.7) | 23.0 (73.4) | 26.4 (79.5) | 27.1 (80.8) | 23.7 (74.7) | 20.1 (68.2) | 15.3 (59.5) | 12.3 (54.1) | 18.4 (65.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 5.4 (41.7) | 6.1 (43.0) | 7.9 (46.2) | 9.7 (49.5) | 12.8 (55.0) | 16.4 (61.5) | 19.6 (67.3) | 20.4 (68.7) | 17.5 (63.5) | 13.8 (56.8) | 9.6 (49.3) | 6.9 (44.4) | 12.2 (54.0) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −2.6 (27.3) | −3.1 (26.4) | −0.8 (30.6) | 1.0 (33.8) | 3.6 (38.5) | 9.6 (49.3) | 12.0 (53.6) | 11.4 (52.5) | 9.0 (48.2) | 5.0 (41.0) | 1.2 (34.2) | −1.5 (29.3) | −3.1 (26.4) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 48.5 (1.91) | 38.4 (1.51) | 40.5 (1.59) | 35.0 (1.38) | 25.6 (1.01) | 4.3 (0.17) | 1.0 (0.04) | 3.7 (0.15) | 15.9 (0.63) | 28.9 (1.14) | 46.9 (1.85) | 36.8 (1.45) | 325.5 (12.81) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 1 mm) | 6.1 | 5.3 | 5.0 | 5.1 | 3.4 | 0.9 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 2.3 | 3.9 | 5.2 | 5.7 | 43.8 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 202.0 | 200.3 | 233.3 | 260.6 | 298.8 | 322.9 | 330.1 | 315.7 | 261.8 | 239.7 | 199.6 | 192.1 | 3,056.9 |
| Source:NOAA[41] | |||||||||||||
Its centuries of rich history and culture have made the city a center of a unique blend of music and art. Its textiles and handcrafts, its elegant display ofAndalusi culture, and its cool climate in the mountains have made it an important center of tourism in Algeria.[42] It is home toa tomb—that ofSidi Boumédiène, whose tomb adjoins amosque. TheGreat Mosque of Tlemcen was completed in 1136 and is said to be the most remarkable remaining example of Almoravid architecture.[43]
Tlemcen istwinned with:
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