Titus Quinctius Flamininus | |
|---|---|
 Goldstater of Titus Quinctius Flamininus in theBritish Museum, ca. 197/196 (or 191) BC. | |
| Born | c. 229 BC |
| Died | 174 BC (aged approx 55) |
| Office | Consul (198 BC) Censor (189 BC) |
| Military service | |
| Battles/wars | Battle of Cynoscephalae (197 BC) |
| Awards | Triumph (194 BC) |
Titus Quinctius Flamininus (c. 229–174 BC) was aRoman politician and general instrumental in the Roman conquest ofGreece.[1]
Flamininus belonged to the minorpatriciangensQuinctia. The family had a glorious place in the early history of Rome, especially the famous heroLucius Quinctius Cincinnatus, but it had somewhat lost its political influence by the middle of the fourth century BC. Flamininus' great grandfatherCaeso Quinctius Claudus was still consul in 271, the last time a Quinctius is recorded as holding a curule office before 209.[2]
Lucius Quinctius, his grandfather, wasflamen Dialis — the great priest ofJupiter — during the third quarter of the third century. The cognomen Flamininus borne by his descendants derives from this prestigious priesthood. Flamininus' great grandson later put anapex, the head covering of theFlamen, as a symbol of his family on a denarius he minted. Flamininus' father — also named Titus — is not known. He had two sons: the elder, Titus Flamininus, was born c.228, the youngerLucius followed soon after. At the end of the third century, the Quinctii regained a good status among the political class, as shown by Flamininus' uncle Caeso who built theTemple of Concord in 217,[3][4] his younger brother who becameaugur in 213 at a very young age,[5] and his distant cousin Titus Quinctius Crispinus, consul in 208.
The Quinctii were for a long time allied to theFabii, one of the most prominent gentes of the Republic. They likely owed them the rarepraenomenCaeso — a feature of the early Fabii — through marriages. Likewise, Flamininus was probably married to a Fabia, asPolybius says that Quintus Fabius Buteo, who later served under him in Greece, was his wife's nephew. The Buteones were very influential at the time thanks toMarcus Fabius Buteo, thePrinceps Senatus between 216 and 210; he was also succeeded by another Fabius, the famousCunctator.
Flamininus' early career was peculiar, as he skipped several steps of thecursus honorum. TheSecond Punic War that was raging in Italy created several unusual careers, that ofScipio Africanus being the most famous example. Flamininus' career started in 208 asmilitary tribune, a junior military position.[6] He served under the five time consulMarcus Claudius Marcellus, who commanded the operations againstHannibal in Southern Italy.[7] Marcellus died in a Carthaginian ambush near Crotone in 208.
Flamininus then becamequaestor, probably in 206, although some historians have suggested a later date. He was sent toTarentum to second his uncle Quinctius Claudus Flamininus, who was thepropraetor in charge of the Roman garrison. Rome kept a strong military presence into this Greek city because it had previously defected to Hannibal.
His uncle likely died in Tarentum in 205, and it seems that Flamininus was given his command since he was already on-site. Becoming propraetor before 25 was an extraordinary achievement, but it can be explained by the fact that experienced commanders were used abroad at the end of the Second Punic War.Livy tells that he was prorogued in 204, but remains silent on the following years; he might have stayed there until the end of the war in 202.[8][9][10] In any case, Flamininus had a good relationship with the Greek population of Tarentum.[11] During his time there, he also became familiar with the Greek language and culture.
Flamininus is mentioned again in 201 as the last member of a ten-men commission tasked with settling veterans ofScipio Africanus in Southern Italy (Samnium andApulia), perhaps because he knew the area after his command at Tarentum.[12][13] This commission continued its work in 200, but Flamininus was nevertheless appointed to another commission of three men to enrol settlers inVenusia.[14][15] It is the only occurrence in Roman history of a man being member of two commissions simultaneously.[16]
In 199, Flamininus ran for the consulship, while he was not even 30 years old. Thecursus honorum had not yet been formally organised in these years, but his bid for election still broke the tradition. He was even younger than Scipio Africanus, elected consul in 205 at 31, who had for him impressive military records and prestigious family support. In contrast, Flamininus came from a smaller family and could not boast any notable achievement during the war against Hannibal. At least twotribunes of the plebs, Marcus Fulvius and Manius Curius, vetoed his candidacy, precisely on the ground that he was too young and had not held any curule office (praetor or curule aedile).[17][18] However, the Senate compelled them to remove their veto and allow Flamininus to present himself in the elections.
This anomaly led modern historians to suppose that Flamininus was backed by several powerful politicians. Earlyprosopographers such asFriedrich Münzer andH. H. Scullard thought that he was a member of the political faction led by the Fabii. However this view has been contested, because the Fabii were in decline after the death of Buteo and the Cunctator.
Flamininus was elected consul, together with the plebeianSextus Aelius Paetus Catus, as the consulposterior, which means theCenturiate Assembly elected him in second place, after Aelius.[19][20] Plutarch tells that he owed his success to his land distributions in the commissions that made him popular among the settlers, who voted for him in return.[21] The other consul likewise lacked any notable military achievement, and was elected thanks to hisaedileship the previous year, during which he imported a lot of grain from Africa.[22][23]
As the two consuls could not agree on the allocation of the provinces between them, they turned tosortition. At the time, the main prize was the conduct of theSecond Macedonian War against Philip V of Macedon. Although several scholars have thought that the lottery was rigged in favour of Flamininus, it appears that he was just lucky; the known instances of rigged sortitions took place much later.[24]
After his election to the consulship he was chosen to replacePublius Sulpicius Galba who was consul with Gaius Aurelius in 200 BC, according to Livy, as general during the Second Macedonian War. He chased Philip V of Macedon out of most of SouthernGreece, except for a few fortresses, defeating him at theBattle of the Aous, but as his term as consul was coming to an end he attempted to establish a peace with the Macedonian king. During the negotiations, Flamininus was madeproconsul, giving him the authority to continue the war rather than finishing the negotiations. In 197 BC he defeated Philip at theBattle of Cynoscephalae inThessaly, the Romanlegions making theMacedonian phalanx obsolete in the process. Philip was forced to surrender, give up all the Greek cities he had conquered, and pay Rome 1,000talents, but his kingdom was left intact to serve as a buffer state betweenGreece andIllyria. This displeased theAchaean League, Rome's allies in Greece, who wanted Macedon to be dismantled completely.[25]
In 198 BC he occupiedAnticyra inPhocis and made it his naval yard and his main provisioning port.[26] During the period from 197 to 194 BC, from his seat in Elateia, Flamininus directed the political affairs of the Greek states. In 196 BC Flamininus appeared at theIsthmian Games inCorinth and proclaimed the freedom of the Greek states. He was fluent inGreek and was a great admirer of Greek culture, and the Greeks hailed him as their liberator; they minted coins with his portrait, and in some cities he was deified.[27] According toLivy, this was the act of an unselfishPhilhellene.With his Greek allies, Flamininus plunderedSparta, before returning to Rome in triumph along with thousands of freed slaves, 1,200 of whom were freed fromAchaea, having been taken captive in Italy and sold in Greece during theSecond Punic War.[28][29]
Meanwhile,Eumenes II ofPergamum appealed to Rome for help against theSeleucid kingAntiochus III. Flamininus was sent to negotiate with him in 192 BC, and warned him not to interfere with the Greek states. Antiochus did not believe Flamininus had the authority to speak for the Greeks, and promised to leave Greece alone only if the Romans did the same. These negotiations came to nothing[30] and Rome was soonat war with Antiochus. Flamininus was present at theBattle of Thermopylae in 191 BC, in which Antiochus was defeated.[31]
In 189 BC he was electedcensor along withMarcus Claudius Marcellus, defeating among othersCato the Elder.[32]
In 183 BC he was sent to negotiate withPrusias I of Bithynia in an attempt to captureHannibal, who had been exiled there fromCarthage, but Hannibal committed suicide to avoid being taken prisoner. According to Plutarch, many senators reproached Flamininus for having cruelly caused the death of an enemy who had now become harmless.[33] Although nothing is known of him after this, Flamininus seems to have died around 174.[34]
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by | Roman consul withSextus Aelius Paetus Catus 198 BC | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Roman censor withMarcus Claudius Marcellus 189 BC | Succeeded by |
