| Western Tiris تيرس الغربية (Arabic) Tīris al-Ġarbiyya | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Province ofMauritania | |||||||||||||
| 1975–1979 | |||||||||||||
 The striped blue and green is Western Tiris. | |||||||||||||
| Anthem | |||||||||||||
| النشيد الوطني الموريتاني "Nashid Wataniin Muritaniin" | |||||||||||||
| Capital | Dakhla | ||||||||||||
| Area | |||||||||||||
| • Coordinates | 23°43′N15°57′W / 23.717°N 15.950°W /23.717; -15.950 | ||||||||||||
• 1977 | 88,000 km2 (34,000 sq mi) | ||||||||||||
| Population | |||||||||||||
• 1977 | 12,897 | ||||||||||||
| Government | |||||||||||||
| • Type | Province | ||||||||||||
| President | |||||||||||||
• (1975 - 1978) | Moktar Ould Daddah | ||||||||||||
• (1978 - 1979) | Mustafa Ould Salek | ||||||||||||
| History | |||||||||||||
| November 14, 1975 | |||||||||||||
| 27 November 1975 | |||||||||||||
• Partition of Spanish Sahara | April 14, 1976 | ||||||||||||
• Mauritania evacuates Western Tiris | August 5, 1979 | ||||||||||||
• Annexation of Western Tiris by Morocco | 11 August 1979 | ||||||||||||
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Tiris al-Gharbiyya (Arabic:تيرس الغربية,romanized: Tīris al-Ġarbiyya,lit. 'Western Tiris') was the name for the area ofWestern Sahara underMauritanian control between 1975 and 1979.
Mauritania annexed the southern third of the formerSpanishcolony ofSpanish Sahara in 1975 after theMadrid Accords, withMorocco taking the northern two-thirds (Saguia el-Hamra and the northern half ofRío de Oro) as itsSouthern Provinces.[1] Both countries claimed historical rights over the area, while the United Nationsdemanded that theindigenous population (Sahrawis) had aright to self-determination, and should be allowed to decide through a referendum whether the territory should join either of the neighbouring states, or be established as an independent country. The latter was the preferred option of thePolisario Front, a Sahrawi organization which turned itsguerrilla forcesagainst both countries, having until then fought Spain. Its attacks against Mauritania proved highly effective.
Polisario strikes against the iron mines atZouerate and theMauritania Railway (which carried most of the country's iron ore to the coast for export), as well as the costs of the war effort, soon brought the country to the brink ofeconomic collapse, and produced increasing tensions in the Army and Government apparatus.[2]
In 1978, the one-party government ofMoktar Ould Daddah was severely compromised by the failing war effort, and fell toa coup by disgruntled Army officers.[3]
Mauritania then disengaged from the conflict, surrendering its claims to any part of Western Sahara, and pulling out all its troops. The areas occupied by Mauritania were entered by Morocco,[4] which has since claimed ownership over the entire territory, despite continued opposition by Polisario, and its main backer,Algeria.
Mauritanian PresidentMohamed Khouna Ould Haidalla in 1984 proceeded to recognize thePolisario-backedSahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) as the legitimatesovereign of the area. After his toppling in yet another military coup d'état later the same year, this position was increasingly downplayed – though never explicitly overturned – in order to appease Morocco.
Western Tiris was the lower half ofRío de Oro, the southern province of the formerSpanish Sahara, comprising 88,000 km (55,000 mi)[5] with a population of 12,897.[6] It consisted mostly of barren desert terrain, scarcely populated except by some thousands of Sahrawi nomads, many of whom had fled towards the AlgerianTindouf Province in 1975. A few minor settlements dotted the coast, and the largest of these,Dakhla (formerly Villa Cisneros), was made the provincial capital.
While some reports indicate the territory may hold important quantities of mineral resources such as iron – and there is speculation, but no proof of, off-shore oil – the raging war prevented any serious exploration efforts. It remains mostly unexplored and unexploited to this day. The exception is the rich Atlantic fishing waters. They were never put to use by Mauritania, but have since been fished by Morocco and foreign ships under Moroccan licenses.
The name "Tiris" refers to a desert plain of theSahara. Mauritania's northernmost province (in its internationally recognized territory) is similarly calledTiris Zemmour, where "Zemmour" refers to a mountain range in central Western Sahara.
The Ould Daddah government's claims to the territory was based in the strong cultural and tribal ties between theMoorish inhabitants of Mauritania, and thetribes of Western Sahara. The government argued they were all part of the same people, and also put forth the notion of pre-colonial sovereignty by certain Mauritanianemirates (tribal fiefdoms) over some of these tribes. Before of theInternational Court of Justice, Mauritania claimed in 1975 that the entireSpanish Sahara had historically constituted part of "Bilad Chinguetti", which it argued had been an undeclared tribal and religious community. But it also recognized that there had never been a Mauritanian state to claim the territory, since Mauritania itself was a modern-day creation ofFrench colonialism. The court recognized the importance of these cultural links, but announced that they had not constituted sovereignty over the territory or its inhabitants before colonialism, and could not by themselves justify sovereignty today. Instead, it recommended a standard self-determination process where Sahrawis were given the choice of merger with Mauritania and/or Morocco, or independence.[7]
In later years, theMauritanian government has maintained a policy of strict neutrality between Polisario and Morocco, while retaining its recognition of the SADR. Minor parts of the Mauritanian political opposition will occasionally express interest in the area, although direct advocacy for retaking it is very rare. Other groups support either Polisario or Morocco. The official position of most parties is to support any outcome acceptable to both remaining sides of the conflict, and that has also been the government's position since the late 1980s, even if it has varied in tune with relations with Morocco.
The territory is now effectively divided between Moroccan and Polisario forces along the length of theMoroccan Wall, and with a cease-fire in effect pending the outcome of the United Nationsdecolonization process.
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