The modern city of Tiraspol was founded by the RussiangeneralissimoAlexander Suvorov in 1792, although the area had been inhabited for thousands of years by varying ethnic groups.[6] The city celebrates its anniversary every year on 14 October.[7]
Tyras (Τύρας), also spelledTiras, was acolony of the Greek cityMiletus, probably founded about 600 BC, situated some 10 kilometres (6 miles) from the mouth of the Tiras River (Dniester). Of no great importance in early times, in the second century BC it fell under the dominion ofindigenous kings whose names appear on its coins. It was destroyed by theThracianGetae about 50 BC.[citation needed]
TheRussian Empire conquered its way to theDniester River, taking territory from theOttoman Empire. In 1792 theRussian army built fortifications to guard the western border near a Moldavian village namedSucleia. Field MarshalAlexander Suvorov is considered the founder of modern Tiraspol;his statue is the city's most distinctive landmark.[11] The city took its name fromTyras, theGreek name of the Dniester River on which it stands. It was granted city rights in 1795.[2]
In 1828, the Russian government established a customs house in Tiraspol to try to suppresssmuggling. The customs house was subordinated to the chief of theOdesa customs region. It began operations with 14 employees. They inspected shipments of bread, paper, oil, wine, sugar, fruits and other goods.
In 1941, before the occupation, the newspaperDnestrovskaya Pravda was founded by the Tiraspol City Council of popular deputies. This is the oldest periodical publication in the region. On 12 April 1944, the city was retaken by theRed Army and became again part of the Moldavian SSR.
According to a 1991 figure by Moldova'sMinistry of National Security (now the Security and Intelligence Service, SIS), of the 5,485 people who were sentenced to death in the territory of modern Moldova during totalitarian communist rule, over 4,000 of them were executed in Tiraspol, in thecity's fortress [ro;ru], in 1937 and 1938 alone, during theGreat Purge.[14][15]
A trolleybus in Tiraspol painted in the colours of theTransnistrian flag
On 2 September 1990, Tiraspol was proclaimed the capital of the newPridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic. The new republic was not officially recognized by Soviet authorities; however, it received support from some important Soviet leaders, such asAnatoly Lukyanov.[citation needed] After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the territory east of the Dniester River declared independence as thePridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR), with Tiraspol as its capital. It was not recognized by the international community.[citation needed]
Heroes memorial in Tiraspol (2012)
On 1 July 2005, the Lucian Blaga Lyceum, a high school with Romanian as its language of instruction, was registered as a Transnistrian non-governmental establishment. The registration ofsix Romanian language schools has been the subject of negotiations with the government since 2000.[citation needed] The tension increased in the summer of 2004, when the Transnistrian authorities forcibly closed the schools that taught using theLatin script. According to the official PMR view, this is considered asRomanian. "Moldovan", written in theCyrillic script, is one of the three official languages in the PMR; Romanian is not. Some economic measures and counter-measures were taken on both banks of the Dniester.[citation needed]
Tensions have been seen interrorist incidents. On6 July 2006, an explosion, believed to be caused by a bomb, killed at least eight people in a minibus.[16] Later on13 August, a grenade exploded in atrolleybus, killing two and injuring ten.[17][18][19]
On 17 March 2024, Transnistrian official press released a video allegedly[21] showing aMil Mi-8 helicopter in poor condition and likely not in use,[22] not having been moved in over 13 years at the moment of the explosion,[21] in a military unit in Tiraspol being attacked and destroyed by a kamikaze drone. No victims were reported.[22] Transnistria claimed the drone had been launched from Ukraine from the direction ofOdesa, more precisely from a bridge located 5–6 kilometres (3.1–3.7 miles) from the nearest border crossing between Transnistria and Ukraine. Ukraine immediately denied having anything to do with the incident.[21] On the day of the incident, theBureau for Reintegration of the Republic of Moldova called it an "attempt to provoke panic and fear in the region".[22] Later, on 25 March, the bureau confirmed the explosion of the helicopter was not caused by a drone attack but by "other factors" and that the video contained "obvious elements of video montage". In the video, the drone disappears shortly before the explosion below the helicopter occurs. Reportedly, explosives placed under the helicopter were detonated remotely instead.[21]
Tiraspol features ahumid continental climate that closely borders anoceanic climate and has transitional features of thehumid subtropical climate due to its warm summers. Summers are mild, with average monthly temperatures at around 21 °C (70 °F) in July and August. Winters are cold, with average temperatures in the coldest month (January) at −2.7 °C (27 °F). Precipitation is relatively evenly spread throughout the year, though there is a noticeable increase in monthly precipitation in June and July. Tiraspol on average sees nearly 500 mm (20 in) of precipitation per year.
Climate data for Tiraspol (1991–2020, extremes 1935–2021)
The population of the city was about 190,000 in 1989 and about 203,000 in 1992. 41% wereRussians, 32%Ukrainians (both Eastern Slavic) and 18% wereMoldovans (Romanians).[citation needed]
As result of the political and economic situation that followed the proclamation of the independent (unrecognized)Transnistria, as well as large Jewish emigration in the early 1990s, the population of the city fell below its 1989 number and the2004 Transnistrian census put its population at 158,069.[28]In 1897, 31,616 people lived in the city of Tiraspol, who were classified, by language, in the following way:[29]
In the fourteenth century, Tiraspol was the see city of the diocese of Kherson; in 1848, aRoman Catholic Diocese of Tiraspol was erected with its see in Saratov. Since 1993, it did not cover any Moldovan territory, not even Tiraspol. The diocese was suppressed in 2002.
The statue of Alexander Suvorov was erected in the central square in 1979 in commemoration of his 250th anniversary. In front of the Transnistrian Government building there is a statue ofVladimir Lenin. On the opposite side of the central square, a monument plaza features a SovietT-34 tank, commemorating the Soviet victory inWorld War II, an eternal flame to those who fell defending the city in 1941 and liberating it in 1944, as well as several monuments dedicated to more recent conflicts, including theSoviet–Afghan War and theWar of Transnistria.
The two main football clubs areSheriff Tiraspol andFC Tiraspol. Sheriff is the most successful Moldovan football club of recent history, winning 14 league titles since the 2000–2001 season, and 6Moldovan Cups. The team gained world notoriety for their last-minute 2–1 victory during the2021–22 UEFA Champions League edition against later tournament winners Real Madrid on 28 September 2021. A third club,CS Tiligul-Tiras Tiraspol, withdrew from competition prior to the 2009–2010 season. Tiraspol is home to theSheriff Stadium, the largest capacity stadium in the region, with a capacity of 14,300 seats.
Abraham Rabinovitch (1889–1964), Australian-Russian property developer and pioneer of the Sydney Modern Orthodox Jewish community
Gheorghe Pintilie (1902–1985), Soviet intelligence agent, Russian citizen and naturalised Romanian communist activist of Ukrainian origin, the first Director of theSecuritate
Oxana Ionova (born 1966), head of the state tax service of Transnistria, director of Transnistria's central bank from 2008 to 2011; subsequently charged with embezzlement of Russian humanitarian aid, illegal business practices, abuse of power and forgery
^Transnistria'spolitical status is disputed. It considers itself to be an independent state, but this is not recognised by anyUN member state. TheMoldovan government and the international community consider Transnistria a part of Moldova's territory.
^"Tiraspol Climate Normals 1991–2020".World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived fromthe original on 21 August 2023. Retrieved21 August 2023.
^Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich, Tom XII (in Polish). Warszawa. 1892. p. 718.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
1 InTransnistria.2 Controlled by the Transnistrian authorities.3 Also a municipality.4 The seat ofDubăsari District is the commune ofCocieri (not a city).
^Transnistria'spolitical status is disputed. It considers itself to be an independent state, but this is not recognised by anyUN member state. TheMoldovan government and the international community consider Transnistria a part of Moldova's territory.
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