Nick Chopper (in the novels) Rusty the Tin Man (Tales of the Wizard of Oz) Greaseball (Oz) The Tin Thing (The Muppets' Wizard of Oz) Wyatt Cain (Tin Man) Boq Woodsman (Wicked: For Good)--->
Nickname
The Tin Woodman
Species
Tin humanoid Human (formerly; in the novels, not in the 1939 MGM filmThe Wizard of Oz)
Nick Chopper, theTin Woodman or theTin Man, is a character in the fictionalLand of Oz created byAmerican authorL. Frank Baum. He first appeared in his 1900 bookThe Wonderful Wizard of Oz and reappeared in many other subsequentOz booksin the series. In late 19th-century America, men made out of varioustin pieces were used in advertising and political cartoons. Baum, who was editing a magazine on decorating shop windows when he wroteThe Wonderful Wizard of Oz, was inspired to create the Tin Woodman by a figure he had built out of metal parts for a shop display.
InThe Wonderful Wizard of Oz,Dorothy Gale befriends the Tin Woodman after she finds him rusted in the forest, as he was caught in rain, and uses his oil can to release him. His name was Nick Chopper and he used to be an ordinary woodman, working in the woods ofOz. He was in love with Nimmie Amee, a servant of theWicked Witch of the East. The witch did not want them to marry, so she enchanted Nick's axe to cut off his limbs. Each limb had been replaced with a tin equivalent and in the end only tin remained. He follows Dorothy to theEmerald City to get a heart fromThe Wizard. They are joined on their adventure by theScarecrow and theCowardly Lion. The Wizard sends Dorothy and her friends to theWinkie Country to kill theWicked Witch of the West. The Tin Woodman's axe proves useful in this journey, both for chopping wood to create a bridge or raft as needed, and for chopping the heads off animals that threaten the party. When the Wicked Witch of the West sends theWinged Monkeys after the group, they throw the Tin Woodman from a great height, damaging him badly. Winkie Tinsmiths repair him after the death of the Witch.
His desire for a heart notably contrasts with the Scarecrow's desire for brains, reflecting a common debate between the relative importance of the mind and the emotions. This occasions philosophical debate between the two friends as to why their own choices are superior; neither convinces the other, and Dorothy, listening, is unable to decide which one is right. Symbolically, because they remain with Dorothy throughout her quest, she is provided with both and does not need to select.[1] The Tin Woodman states unequivocally that he has neither heart nor brain, but cares nothing for the loss of his brain. Near the end of the novel,Glinda the Good Witch praises his brain as not quite that of the Scarecrow's.
The Wizard turns out to be a "humbug" and can only provide aplacebo heart made ofsilk and filled withsawdust. This is enough to please the Tin Woodman, who, with or without a heart, is the most tender and emotional of Dorothy's companions (just as the Scarecrow is the wisest and the Cowardly Lion the bravest). When he accidentally crushes an insect, he is grief-stricken and, ironically, claims that he must be careful about such things, while those with hearts do not need such care. This tenderness remains with him throughout the series, as inThe Patchwork Girl of Oz, where he refuses to let a butterfly be maimed for the casting of a spell.[2]
When Dorothy returns home to her farm inKansas, the Tin Woodman returns to the Winkie Country to rule as emperor. Later, he has his subjects construct a palace made entirely of tin — from the architecture all the way down to the flowers in the garden.
A recurring problem for the Tin Woodman inThe Wonderful Wizard of Oz and afterward was his tendency to rust when exposed to rain, tears, or other moisture. For this reason, inThe Marvelous Land of Oz, the character has himselfnickel-plated before helping his friend the Scarecrow fight to regain his throne in theEmerald City. Even so, the Tin Woodman continues to worry about rusting throughout the Oz series.
The Tin Woodman appeared in most of the Oz books that followed. He is a major character in the comic page Baum wrote withWalt McDougall in 1904-05,Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz. InOzma of Oz, he commandsPrincess Ozma's army, and is briefly turned into a tin whistle. InDorothy and the Wizard in Oz, he serves as defense counsel in the trial ofEureka. He affects the plot of a book most notably inThe Patchwork Girl of Oz, in which he forbids the young hero from collecting the wing of a butterfly needed for a magical potion because his heart requires him to protect insects from cruelty. Baum also wrote a short book titledThe Scarecrow and the Tin Woodman, part of theLittle Wizard Stories of Oz series for younger readers.
InThe Tin Woodman of Oz, Nick Chopper finally sets out to find his lost love, Nimmie Amee, but discovers that she has already married Chopfyt, a man constructed partly out of his own dismembered and discarded limbs. For the Tin Woodman, this encounter with his former fiancée is almost as jarring as his experiences being transformed into a tin owl, meeting another tin man named Captain Fyter, and conversing with his ill-tempered original head.
Baum's successors in writing the series tended to use the Tin Woodman as a minor character, still ruling the Winkie Country but not governing the stories' outcome. Two exceptions to this pattern areOzoplaning with the Wizard of Oz, byRuth Plumly Thompson, andLucky Bucky in Oz, byJohn R. Neill. The biggest exception is inRachel Cosgrove'sThe Hidden Valley of Oz, in which the Tin Woodman leads the forces in the defeat of Terp the Terrible and cuts down the Magic Muffin Tree that gives Terp his great size.
The fact that Nick includes the natural deaths of his parents in the story of how he came to be made of tin has been a major element of debate. InThe Tin Woodman of Oz (1918), he proclaims that no one in Oz ever died as far back as Lurline's enchantment of the country, which occurred long before the arrival of any outsiders such as the Wizard. Although the living creatures of Oz do not die of age or disease, they may die of accidents or be killed by others.
In the 1998 novelThe Tin Man, byDale Brown, the eponymousprotagonist is a power-armoredvigilante whom the media and police have dubbed "The Tin Man" for his physical resemblance to theWizard of Oz character.
The Tin Woodman is a minor character in authorGregory Maguire's 1995 revisionist novelWicked: The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West and its 2005 sequelSon of a Witch. In the book, theWicked Witch of the East – the alias of Nessarose Thropp – is seen enchanting the axe to swing around and chop off Nick Chopper's limbs. She does this for a peasant woman who wishes to stop her servant (presumably Nimmie Amee) from marrying Nick Chopper. This seems to be close to the Tin Man's origin in the original books, but from the Witch's perspective.
InOz Squad, Nick was shown in a sexual relationship with "Rebecca Eastwitch" in order to get closer to Nimmie Amee and attempt to elope with her.
The Tin Woodman appears as a major antagonist in Danielle Paige'sDorothy Must Die novel series. In this series, Dorothy and her friends have been corrupted by Dorothy's use of magic and the 'magic' in the gifts they received from the Wizard, with the Tin Woodman now driven by a twisted 'love' for Dorothy that is nevertheless unrequited. He is described as possessing a more twisted appearance, with his legs compared to horses' legs and his hands possessing knives for fingers. At the conclusion of the first novel, series protagonist Amy Gumm cuts out his heart, having been informed by the Wizard that she must take the gifts of Dorothy's companions to kill Dorothy herself.
In a 1981 episode ofScooby-Doo and Scrappy-Doo,Scrappy is dressed as the Tin Man after a tornado took him,Shaggy, andScooby to "Ahz", a direct spoof of Oz with a different spelling by its enunciation.
The Tin Woodman appears in theOnce Upon a Time episode "Where Bluebirds Fly", portrayed by Austin Obiajunwa as a teenager and byAlex Désert as an adult.[3] In this version, he goes by the nameStanum (derived from theLatin word "stannum", which means "tin"). Since youth, Stanum has been awoodcutter and one day when he first met Zelena, the daughter of another woodsman, he finds out that Zelena has magic and befriends her, regardless of whatever the children say about Zelena, who they see as a freak. Many years later, Stanum, now a man, is punished by the Wicked Witch of the North for chopping down a tree in her domain, and his body slowly begins to transform into tin. To prevent himself from completely becoming tin, Stanum seeks out help from Zelena (now the Wicked Witch of the West) at the Emerald City of Oz. Zelena agrees to help him seek out the Crimson Heart, which can save him. During their quest, Stanum tells Zelena that she does not have to be lonely but she is doing her best to deny his advice. Suddenly, a lion comes of nowhere to attack Stanum, and Zelena uses her magic to make the lion go away (at this point the lion has become as Zelena would put it, cowardly). When they finally arrived to the location of the Crimson Heart, the two learned that the only way to make it work is through the absorption of another person's magic. Unfortunately Zelena's actions and selfish greed for magic causes her to betray Stanum, whom she suspect was aligned with Dorothy by keeping the Crimson Heart for herself, leaving Stanum to transform into the Tin Man permanently. Some time later, whenRobin Hood arrives in Oz in the episode "Heart of Gold", the Tin Man is seen on the side of the Yellow Brick Road, torn apart.
In 1996, they made a cartoon animatedThe Oz Kids. The Tin Man rules the Winkie Country, west of Emerald City and has a son named Tin Boy. Like his father, he can cut wood with his axe and he has to be careful with water and snow or he'll rust. He is voiced by Steve Stoliar.
Hiroki Tsujiai fromUltra Maniac dresses as the Tin Man in the costume party.
In the TV seriesEmerald City, the Tin Woodman equivalent is Jack (Gerran Howell), a friend of the enigmatic Tip, who helps 'him' escape from his imprisonment by a witch. When it is revealed that Tip is actually a girl whose true identity was suppressed by a potion, her strained emotional state causes her to push Jack over a balcony after he kisses her. Jack is subsequently found and rebuilt by scientists in a cyborg-like state; his head and right arm are still organic, but his heart and the rest of his body has been replaced or covered by mechanical armour.
Although not a direct adaptation to the literature itself, the 2013Super Sentai series,Zyuden Sentai Kyoryuger features theDeboth Army's members being themed after the characters inThe Wonderful Wizard of Oz. Sorrowful KnightAigallon is designed with the motif of the Tin Man, whose crush on Canderrilla in the series is based on his source of inspiration's desire for a heart. InPower Rangers Dino Charge, he was adapted asWrench.
In 1902, Baum helped to adaptThe Wizard of Oz into a wildly successfulstage extravaganza. David C. Montgomery played the Tin Woodman, Niccolo Chopper (who played thepiccolo), oppositeFred Stone as the Scarecrow, and the team became headliners. The piccolo would continue to appear in early adaptations, such as the1910 film, but was largely forgotten, and the name "Niccolo" never appeared in any of the books. Revisionist books likeOz Squad have referred to him as "Nicholas," a name not found in the books, either.
Publicity photo of Jack Haley in costume as the Tin Man for the MGM feature filmThe Wizard of Oz
In the 1939 filmThe Wizard of Oz, the Tin Man was played byJack Haley. The role was initially intended forRay Bolger, who traded it toBuddy Ebsen for the part of the Scarecrow.[4] While this switch pleased Bolger, it proved disastrous for Ebsen; the Tin Man's makeup originally containedaluminum powder that infiltrated Ebsen's lungs and caused an allergic reaction, forcing him to give up the role. Ironically, despite his near-fatal experience, Ebsen outlived every major cast member, dying in 2003. Haley based his breathy speaking style in the film on the voice he used for telling his son bedtime stories. His portrayal of the character is by far the most famous. While the film does not give the Tin Man a backstory, his line "The tinsmith forgot to give me a heart" implies that he was always made of tin. Unlike the costumes of the Scarecrow (in theNational Museum of American History) and the Cowardly Lion (two sets in private hands), the Tin Man's costume was "largely destroyed".[5][6] Haley also portrayed the Tin Man's Kansas counterpart, Hickory (one ofAunt Em andUncle Henry'sfarmworkers). ScreenwriterNoel Langley created this character for the film.[7] Hickory helps Zeke (Lion's alter ego) lower a bed into its place on a wagon at the farm. Unlike Zeke, Hickory and Hunk (Scarecrow's alter ego) lose their hats with Henry as they struggle to open thecellar when the tornado approaches the farm. He reunites with Dorothy when she awakes from being unconscious. Hickory is seen with Em, Henry, Zeke, and Hunk as well as Professor Marvel (The Wizard's alter ego).
In the original Broadway version ofThe Wiz,Tiger Haynes played the Tinman as the name was altered, a human woodcutter who became tin after the Wicked Witch of the East cursed his axe to chop him up (as in the book).Nipsey Russell played the Tinman in the film adaptation ofThe Wiz. In this version, the Tinman was never human, but was created as a mechanical man (thus having more in common with the Oz characterTik-Tok the Clockwork Man). A reference is made to the "genius who created me". He worked as the carnivalbarker and song-and-dance man. When the park was closed, he was abandoned, rusted and squeezed by his fourth wife, "Teeny" (a heavy tin sculpture of a fat lady). He was saved by Dorothy and the Scarecrow.Ne-Yo played the Tinman in the TV specialThe Wiz Live!. This version portrayed him as aconstruction worker on whom the Wicked Witch of the East developed an unrequited crush. When she found out he already had a girlfriend, "Bertha", she became so jealous, she turned him into a heartless tinman. The Witch boasted afterward that if she could not have his heart, then no one could. Like Jack Haley in the 1939 movie, Ne-Yo also played one of Aunt Em's farmhands - John, who walks with ametal leg brace.
Other notable actors who have played the Tin Woodman includeOliver Hardy in a 1925 silent version ofThe Wizard of Oz directed by and starringLarry Semon, in which a villainous farmhand briefly fell into a tin pile and emerged as a "Tin Woodsman" [sic]. In subsequent scenes the tin was removed and he became "Knight of the Garter". In the 1960television adaptation ofThe Land of Oz, he was played byvaudeville comedian Gil Lamb; in the 1969 film,The Wonderful Land of Oz he was played by Al Joseph; and in the 1985 filmReturn to Oz, he was played byDeep Roy, alittle person who was able to fit inside a costume that looked nearly identical to John R. Neill's artwork.
In 1985, the Tin Woodman appeared in the educational filmAct on Arthritis as well as in promotional commercials.
Roger Daltrey portrayed this character in the 1995 television stage performanceThe Wizard of Oz in Concert: Dreams Come True. The Kansas farmworker Hickory does not appear in this production. Daltrey performed a rock and roll tempo of "If I Only Had a Heart" in which he swung his microphone mimicking hisWho persona. He also performed the bridge verses sung by the Tin Man inNathan Lane's long version of "If I Only Had the Nerve". Toward the end, he hugged the Wizard (Joel Grey) saying to him "Thank you from the bottom of my heart!".
In theWicked musical theatre adaptation, the Tin Man is acomposite character withBoq, a minor character fromL. Frank Baum'soriginalWizard of Oz novel as well as Maguire'sWicked. Boq is aMunchkin attending Shiz University who is infatuated withGlinda, but since Glinda herself is infatuated withFiyero, she instead sets him up with Nessarose. Years later, Boq is a personal servant to a now-Governor Nessarose, who has stripped the Munchkins' rights to keep Boq from leaving her. During a visit fromElphaba (theWicked Witch of the West), Nessarose gains the ability to walk upright after her shoes are enchanted, and Boq is convinced to leave so he may confess his feelings to Glinda before she marries Fiyero. Enraged, Nessarose attempts to perform a spell from the Grimmerie to make Boq "lose his heart" to her, but her mispronunciations cause Boq's heart to slowly shrink. To save his life, Elphaba intervenes with another spell that transforms Boq into the Tin Woodman. Not understanding her reasons, he pursues Elphaba with a single-minded vengeance for his current form.
Boq/The Tin Man appears in the musical's two-part film adaptation,Wicked (2024) andWicked: For Good (2025), portrayed byEthan Slater. In reference to the character's fate, his surname is made "Woodsman".
TheMuppetGonzo plays a similar role, the Tin Thing, in2005's television filmThe Muppets' Wizard of Oz. In this version, he is the Wicked Witch's research assistant, transformed into arobot to prevent him wanting a day off to marryCamilla. Gonzo's other role is himself. He appears at the end of this film in the Muppets' show.
In 2006, the Tin Man was the protagonist in a pair oftelevision commercials forChef Boyardeeravioli, in a costume identical to the design used in the 1939Oz film. In the commercials, the Tin Man (played by David Somerville) is pursued by groups of children due to the fact that an oversized Beef Ravioli can label has been affixed to the back of his torso; thus, he appears to be a large, mobile can of ravioli. In the first ad, the Tin Man escapes from his pursuers only to discover that the building he ducked into is anelementary schoolcafeteria full of hungry children and a teacher. The second ad begins with the Tin Man running through a residential neighborhood, accidentally adding to his pursuers when he stumbles across a backyard birthday party; after fleeing across a golf course (while dodging balls from thedriving range), he is cornered in another backyard and threatened with a garden hose (playing on the Tin Man's classic weakness of rusting). As the scene shifts to the image of a Beef Ravioli can, sounds of water hitting metal and the Tin Man's cries for help are heard.
In 2006, the Chicago Under Ground Film Festival premiered Lee Lynch’s feature film titledTransposition of the Great Vessels, based on the story of his own parents, who moved from Redding to Los Angeles, in hopes of making a better life. His father wanted to work for the forest service, and his mother wanted to be a cook, but their baby was born with a rare heart condition. They were forced to give up those dreams, and make choices that would give them insurance and stability. A naturalist movie interspersed with dream sequences, the “Tin Woodman” makes an appearance while on his deathbed.
AtSundance of 2007, a film premiered by young directorRay Tintori entitledDeath to the Tinman. It is a somewhat modernized retelling that takes place at sometime in the 1900s, in the town Verton, rather than Oz. The book of the same name, which tells the origins of the character, is cited by opening intertitles as the source. Although the basic premise is nearly identical, much of the details and all names and locations have been changed. This is partially due to the film's satirical look at criminal reenactments, as it states at the beginning that names "have been changed to protect the innocent." Perhaps the most interesting change that story makes, though, is the origin of the curse upon the Tinman's Axe, which is changed from being the Witch to being a curse from God. This film won a short filmmaking award at Sundance.
A 2007 CG animated short film called "After Oz",[8] produced by the film students atVancouver Film School, centered on a stylized version of the Tin Man, after he has received his heart from Oz. The movie shows him moving through a colorful Oz city with his brand-new mechanical heart, before meeting a reddish female Tin Woman (or robot?) to whom he gives the heart. She proceeds to cruelly play with the heart.
An internet-collaboration, CG animated feature based on Baum's bookThe Tin Woodman of Oz was produced by A:M Films, and completed in 2009.
In 2010, Whitestone Motion Pictures[9] produced a 23-minute live-action short film,Heartless: The Story of the Tin Man. The film is based on the bookThe Tin Woodman of Oz, where Woot the Wanderer visits the Tin Man and asks how he came to be made of tin. In the film, the Tin Man appears to be more steam- or coal-powered. His chest cavity is covered by a door which reads "Pedudoe Tin Co." but this is a reference to the workings of the film company, and not a reference to any Oz book or material. The movie was made available for free viewing online and free downloading of its soundtrack.
In the 2013 prequel,Oz the Great and Powerful, although the Tin Woodman does not physically appear, the film introduces his creator, the Master Tinker, portrayed byBill Cobbs.[10]
The Woodsman, a 2012 stage play by Jame Ortiz,[11] tells the backstory of the Tin Man, using puppetry, movement, and music.[12]
Tin Man appears inThe Lego Movie 2: The Second Part. Alongside Dorothy and the rest of her friends, Tin Man is transported from the Land of Oz to Harmony Town in the Systar System. He later attends the wedding ofBatman and Queen Watevra Wa'Nabi.
In the gameCode Name: S.T.E.A.M., Tin Man, along with other Oz characters, is a playable character. His design is more based on Japanese culture and he has the ability to give steam to allies.
The song "Country Robot/A Letter to Dorothy" byThe Incredible Moses Leroy is written from the Tin Man's perspective; it includes the lyrics "You gave me oil, I was a rusty load/ You even helped me find my heart."
Joni Mitchell refers to the Tim Man in the song "Tin Angel" on the albumClouds 1969.
In the song "Tin Man" by the bandAmerica, the lyrics state that "Oz never did give nothin' to the Tin Man, that he didn't, didn't already have." The rest of the song has nothing to do with the Tin Man or Oz.
In theVeggieTales direct-to-video filmThe Wonderful Wizard of Ha's, the Tin Man and his Kansas counterpart from the 1939 film were played by Larry the Cucumber.
In theStrawberry Shortcake series, more specifically the2003 cartoon, the fourth season contains an episode that is a retelling ofThe Wonderful Wizard of Oz, where Peppermint Fizz, one of the show's characters, plays the Tin Woodsman, whose face now looks more human by the show's standards. The character's appearance is also given more of a peppermint motif to match her theme, and Pupcake calls the result the "Tin Woodsgirl."
In the 2007Sci-FiminiseriesTin Man, a "Tin Man" is a term used for the law enforcers of Central City in the Outer Zone (O.Z.) One of the story's protagonists,Wyatt Cain (played byNeal McDonough in the title role), is a Tin Man whose past left him hardened and distant from others. In addition, he is first found by Dorothy imprisoned in an iron suit that replays a non-stop loop of the capture of his wife and child.
Verses of theFuture Islands 2010 post-pop, synth-balladTin Man contain numerous metaphorical, Tin-Man related references. The song also features a powerful and climactic end chorus consisting solely of the repeated line - "I am the Tin Man".
A1990 episode ofStar Trek: The Next Generation is titled "Tin Man"; the titular 'Tin Man' is Gomtuu, a massive creature that is basically a living spaceship, whose crew died of radiation poisoning, finding a new crew (and essentially a new heart) in Tam Elbrunn, a powerful telepath who finds peace in Gomtuu's mind.
ThePhineas and Ferb episode "Wizard of Odd" features the Tin Man in his rusted state, but he is never freed from this condition. He is also featured in an end credits song entitled "Rusted".
Mickey Mouse Clubhouse did a parody special entitled "The Wizard of Dizz", in which the role of the Tin Man is played byMickey Mouse (as "Mickey the Tin Mouse").
Economics and history professors have published scholarly studies that indicate the images and characters used by Baum and Denslow closely resembled political images that were well known in the 1890s.[13] They state that Baum and Denslow did not simply invent the Lion, Tin Woodman, Scarecrow, Yellow Brick Road, Silver Slippers, cyclone, monkeys, Emerald City, little people, Uncle Henry, passenger balloons, witches and the wizard. These were all common themes in the editorial cartoons of the previous decade. The notion of a "Tin Man" has deep roots in European and American history, according to Green (2006), and often appeared in cartoons of the 1880s and 1890s.[14] Baum and Denslow, like most writers and illustrators, used the materials at hand that they knew best. They built a story around them, added Dorothy, and added a series of lessons to the effect that everyone possesses the resources they need (such as brains, a heart and courage) if only they had self-confidence.The Wonderful Wizard of Oz was a children’s book, of course, but as Baum warned in the preface, it was a "modernized" fairy tale as well.
The Tin Man—the human turned into a machine—was a common feature in political cartoons and in advertisements in the 1890s. Indeed, he had been part of European folk art for 300 years. In political interpretations ofThe Wonderful Wizard of Oz, the Tin Woodman is supposedly described as a worker, dehumanized by industrialization. The Tin Woodman little by little lost his natural body and had it replaced by metal; so he has lost his heart and cannot move without the help of farmers (represented by the Scarecrow); in reality he has a strong sense of cooperation and love, which needs only an infusion of self-confidence to be awakened. In the 1890s many argued that to secure a political revolution a coalition of Farmers and Workers was needed.[15]
The 1890 editorial cartoon to the right showsPresidentBenjamin Harrison wearing improvised tin armor because he wanted a tariff on tin. Such images support the argument that the figure of a "tin man" was in use as political allegory in the 1890s. The man on the right is politicianJames G. Blaine.
The oil needed by the Tin Woodman had a political dimension at the time because Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company stood accused of being a monopoly (and in fact was later found guilty by the Supreme Court). In the1902 stage adaptation, which is full of topical references that do not appear either in the novel or in any of the film adaptations (unless they are satirical), the Tin Woodman wonders what he would do if he ran out of oil. "You wouldn't be as badly off as John D. Rockefeller", the Scarecrow responds, "He'd lose six thousand dollars a minute if that happened."[16]
^Allport, Lee (8 March 2013)."Oz the Great and Powerful: A Prequel at Its Best". Retrieved10 March 2013.There are other interesting "that explains it" moments as well. We get up close and personal with The Cowardly Lion and find out what spooked him into being afraid of his own shadow. We get to know the Tin Man's father and the creators of the Scarecrow and learn more about Munchkinland.
^Gretchen Ritter, "Silver slippers and a golden cap: L. Frank Baum's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and historical memory in American politics"Journal of American Studies (August 1997) vol. 31, no. 2, 171-203.
Culver, Stuart. "What Manikins Want: The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and The Art of Decorating Dry Goods Windows and Interiors",Representations, 21 (1988) 97-116.
Dighe, Ranjit S. ed.The Historian's Wizard of Oz: Reading L. Frank Baum's Classic as a Political and Monetary Allegory (2002)
Riley, Michael O. (1997)Oz and Beyond: The Fantasy World of L. Frank Baum. University of Kansas PressISBN0-7006-0832-X
Ritter, Gretchen.Goldbugs and Greenbacks: The Anti-Monopoly Tradition and the Politics of Finance in America (1997)
Ritter, Gretchen. "Silver slippers and a golden cap: L. Frank Baum's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and historical memory in American politics."Journal of American Studies (August 1997) vol. 31, no. 2, 171-203.
